Wall Street The business ethics in the movie Essay Example For Students

Wall Street: The business ethics in the movie Essay Wall Street The movie Wall Street is a representation of poor morals and dissapointing business ethics in the popular world of business. This movie shows the negative effects that bad business morals can have on society. The two main characters are Bud Fox played by Charlie Sheen and Gordon Gekko played by Michael Douglas. Bud Fox is a young stockbroker who comes from an honest working-class family but on the other hand, Gordon Gekko is a millionaire who Bud admires and wants to be associated with. Greed seems to be a huge theme of this movie. We will write a custom essay on Wall Street: The business ethics in the movie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This movie portrays the unethical society we live in. It shows how money oriented society has become and that people will do almost anything to get ahead. Competitiveness has become such a widespread game all over the country, especially in big cities. At the start of Wall Street, Bud Fox is young and insecure about the business world. Bud is a broker seeking new clients and offering second-hand advice regarding the buying and selling of stock. Bud was faced with a choice that would change his life. He was so sure he wanted to be involved with Gordon Gekko that he was willing to do whatever it took to be a part of his immoral scheme. It only took about five minutes for Bud to agree to give insider information about stocks to Gekko in order to become more lucrative and manipulative at the same time. Bud wants to sell him stocks, and hopefully one day be like he is. Bud is obviously desperate to do business with Gekko and he passes on some inside information about the airline company that his father works for. Gekko saw this as an opportunity to gain money from inside information and took Bud under his wing. As the relationship between the two develops Bud becomes aware of the corruptness and ruthlessness of the industry in which he works. He learns that using inside information can raise or lower the price of stocks. Bud obviously made this choice to climb the economic ladder no matter what it took. He wanted to become hugely successful just as Gekko was. There were pros and cons that had to do with the decision making. Money was the main goal of these lucrative schemes, but on the other hand, these men risked their jobs and the chance of possibly going to jail in order to be immorally and dishonestly successful. Initially Bud looked up to Gekko in an almost pathetic way, trying to do anything and everything to get himself into the right position. This movie also shows how people seem to just want things for themselves and not the community. They dont care if they use others in order to get what they want. Theres no sense of general responsibility for the public or the clients and they just want to make sure they make money, selfishly and illegally. In this situation I might be just how Bud was initially; intrigued and interested in making money. I might succumb to the pressure f making money and being successful, but in the long run I would also be just like Bud in realizing that a man isnt measured by the size of his wallet (Wall Street). I understand how hard it could be not to get sucked in to so much money so fast. But in the same sense, I do realize how immoral, unethical, and most of all how much of a risk being involved like this is. In this film, it starts off showing that individual is paramount because it shows that stock brokers only care about themselves and money and not the community. They seem to be extremely greedy and willing to stab anybody in the back to help themselves. Most of the movie shows that the individual is paramount. The only character who shows the community is paramount is Buds Father. He tries to show Bud on numerous occasions how much honest work and family is important. .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef , .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .postImageUrl , .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef , .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef:hover , .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef:visited , .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef:active { border:0!important; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef:active , .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u26c4d072669270bb03bbafa170759cef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Catcher In The Rye And Dead Poets Society Essay Also, his father was the epitome of a moral and ethical character in the film. Since there was basically only one prominent sensible and moral .

Differentiation of bone marrow derived stem cells in articular cartilage repair Essay Example

Differentiation of bone marrow derived stem cells in articular cartilage repair Essay Example Differentiation of bone marrow derived stem cells in articular cartilage repair Essay Differentiation of bone marrow derived stem cells in articular cartilage repair Essay ( Martini et al, 2009 ) with matrix diffusion providing the necessary foods. This means that the ability of gristle to self-repair is highly limited, and harm to articular gristle can bring forth long term complications ( Aigner et al,2003 ) . The limited ego fix abilities of gristle have lead to the development of techniques aimed at cut downing hurting and replacing the damaged gristle. One attack is arthoscopic lavage and debridement which aims to unclutter the articulation of loose gristle that causes mechanical symptoms ( Moseley et al, 1996 ) . While this may supply a impermanent solution to mechanical issues such as locking the symptoms frequently return. It is besides debateable whether the process provides any existent alleviation, as investiagations utilizing placebo operations have found little or no difference between patients having the process and those who underwent a sham-operation ( Moseley et al, 2002 ) . Another technique is microfracture surgery in which the subchondral bone, or the bone beneath the gristle, is drilled exposing marrow-rich blood and bring oning replacing of the damaged articular gristle with a loanblend of hyaline and fibrocartilage, ( Hendrich et al, 2003 ) , ( Steadman et al, 1997 ) . This process has been proven to cut down hurting in a sensible sum of patients, ( Steadman et al, 1997 ) but the gristle produced in chiefly fibrocartilage nto articular gristle. This is non every bit lasting as articular gristle and can intend farther surgery is needed subsequently on in life. The concluding attack requires the organ transplant of osteochondral transplants onto countries of damaged gristle. This normally uses transplants of healthy gristle taken from elsewhere in the joint ( an autoplasty ) and transplants it onto the debauched country ( Werner et al, 2003 ) . This technique replaces the damaged gristle with the hyaline gristle similar to the natural province. This has a sensible success rate in the short term, ( Outerbridge et al, 1995 ) but can take to deformaties in the flexing of the joint. Besides, transplants are sometimes taken from other persons ( an homograft ) , potentially exposing the receiver to infection ( Fox et al, 2002 ) . These attacks have creat ed the possibility of mending articular gristle harm, but are far from perfect schemes with legion complications and frequently necessitating multiple extremely invasive surgeries. However recent probes have created the possibility of cell-based attacks which may an option to the typical processs or gristle fix, really renewing damaged gristle instead than merely replacing it, ( Peterson, 2003 ) . The first cell-based attack used efficaciously is autologous chondrocyte organ transplant or ACT ( Hendrich et al, 2003 ) . In this procedure chondrocytes isolated from little gristle transplants are cultured and injected back onto the site of debasement ( Jobanputra et al, 2001 ) . Consequences of probes into the ACT have been assuring with some demoing about complete regeneration of the gristle ( Roberts et al, 2003 ) . The ability of this attack to renew damaged gristle indicates that cell-based processs could supply the Restoration of normal joint map to persons enduring from articular gristle defects. If chondrocytes can successfully renew harm articular gristle, the following measure in cell-based attacks may be to happen new beginnings of chondrocytes to utilize in gristle fix, and one promising beginning is bone-marrow. Bone marrow contains stems cells called bone marrow root cells or BMSCs, these are normally used by the organic structure for regeneration or fix ( Grove et al, 2004 ) . These cells are made up of both haematopoietic root cells ( HSCs ) and mesenchymal root cells ( MSCs ) . Despite the original location of these cells in bone marrow, they are thought to hold to ability to distinguish into other types of cells under the right conditions ( Orlic et al, 2003 ) . MSCs isolated from bone marrow have been shown in animate being trials to be able to distinguish and graft onto tissues such as myocardium ( Shake et Al, 2002 ) and tendon ( Young et Al, 1998 ) . This indicates that bone marrow derived root cells could supply a method for fix of damaged or diseased tissues, ( Barry, 2003. ) MSCs are of peculiar involvement in gristle fix as they are the primogenitor cells for chondrocytes, which are the cells that make gristle ( Ghadially, 1983 ) . Experimental grounds has shown that bone marrow derived MSCs have besides been able to distinguish into chondrocytes ( Pittenger et al, 1999 ) and appear to make new gristle ( Gun-il et Al, 2001 ; Wakitani et Al, 2001 ) .If these MSCs can be isolated, cultured, and injected they could give rise to hereafter processs used to reconstruct articular gristle. This paper aims to look into non merely the current methods of gristle fix, but to find the degree of cognition on the possible usage of bone marrow derived root cells. This will let opinion on whether or non bone marrow derived MSCs could supply an alternate intervention for articular gristle harm. Section 1 Cartilage, CARTILAGE DAMAGE, AND CURRENT REPAIR TECHNIQUES Cartilage is a connective tissue found in legion countries around the organic structure ( Stockwell, 1979 ) . It is considered to hold belongingss between musculus and bone, being non every bit flexible as musculus but non every bit ridgid as bone ( Marieb et al, 2007 ) . Its belongingss enable it to defy shearing and compaction forces found at countries such as articulated surfaces ( Yuehuei et al, 2003 ) . It is consists of specialized cells called chondrocytes which exist in and assist bring forth an extracellular matrix known as the gristle matrix ( Marieb et al, 2007 ) . Chondrocytes are moderately sparse in the tissue, doing up merely 5 per centum of the matrix s volume ( Yuehuei et al, 2003 ) . The chondrocytes produce both collagen fibers and proteocglycans and combined with the ( Martin et al, 1998 ) high per centum ( up to 80 per centum ) of H2O in the matrix, which helps to give the gristle its compaction resistant belongingss ( Marieb et al, 2007 ) . Cartilage is besides avascular, intending it lacks direct blood supply or lymphatic drainage and therefore relies on the diffusion through this matrix for alimentary exchange ( Stockwell, 1979 ) . The matrix is surrounded by perichondrium which attaches the gristle to environing constructions such as bone and contains the matrix itself ( Martini et al, 2009 ) . There are three chief types of gristle found in the organic structure and are determined by their location and do up. Hyaline gristle is dense in collagen fibers and is the most common ( Martini et al, 2009 ) being found at articulated surfaces of articulations like the articulatio genus ( Martin et al, 1998 ) . Elastic gristle contains elastic fibers and signifiers structural constituents such as the pinnule of the ear ( Martin et al, 1998 ) . The last type is hempen gristle and it besides contains a big figure of collagen fibers. It frequently lies in countries of high compaction such as between the spinal vertebrae ( Martini et al, 2009 ) . Articular gristle is a form hyaline gristle and is found at the jointing surfaces of articulations such as the articulatio genus, frequently on the femoral condyles and the top of the shinbone ( Yuehuei et al, 2003 ) . At these articulations it plays a figure of functions such as daze soaking up, transmittal of forces to cram, and the decrease of clash and rubbing between surfaces ( Ghadially, 1983 ) . It is able to execute these functions because of the alone administration of its assorted fibers and constituents. The basic administration of articular gristle is shown below in figure 1 from ( Martin et al, 1998 ) . The distribution of collagen fibers and proteoglycan is different depending on the distance to the articular surface. There is a higher per centum of collagen fibers at the articular surface and a higher per centum of proteoglycan nearer the bone ( Martin et al, 1998 ) . The collagen fibres near the surface aid defy the tensile emphasis while the proteoglycan deeper in th e matrix helps to cover with compressive forces. The agreement of collagen within the articular gristle is besides different depending on deepness and creates a figure of beds. The lamina splendens contains closely packed thin collagen fibers and helps defy tensile forces and Acts of the Apostless as a barrier to the gristle matrix. The digressive zone contains somewhat thicker collagen fibers and flattened chondrocytes. The transitional zone contains larger still collagen fibers and more chondrocytes ( Martin et al, 1998 ) . The tidemark is the boundary line between the un-calcified and calcified countries of gristle, and helps to defy shearing forces as collagen fibres cross this grade and associate the transitional zone to the calcified gristle ( Martin et al, 1998 ) . Figure 1 Administration of Articular Cartilage Diagram demoing the structural beds of articular gristle ( Martin et al, 1998 ) . Due to the of import function articular gristle plays harm or defects in it can be serious, cut downing motion and quality of life ( Siliski, 1994 ) . The most common types of hurts are due to the unnatural injury such as overloading or emphasis ( Siliski, 1994 ) . These kinds of emphasiss can make gristle lesions which are loosely separated into partial or full thickness lesions ( Hendrich et al, 2003 ) . Partial lesions do non make the subchondral bone and hence do non go through all the manner through the gristle ( Hendrich et al, 2003 ) . They may merely perforate the lamina splendnes or make other countries of gristle such as the transitional zone. Full thickness lesions on the other manus go all the manner through the articular gristle to the subchondral bone ( Hendrich et al, 2003 ) . Both types of lesions damage the gristle matrix ( Siliski, 1994 ) and do an initial inflammatory response. Lesions can besides be more accurately classified depending on the nature of the lesion and its location, and the supposed method of hurt ( Siliski, 1994 ) . An overview of this lesion categorization system is shown in figure 2 below, which uses information from ( Siliski, 1994 ) . Categorization Lesion Type Damage Location Cause Type I Linear Crack Crack of variable deepness in articular surface Weight bearing countries Shearing Forces Type II Stellate Fracture Diverging clefts and flaking at centre Weight bearing countries Direct Trauma Type Three Flap type Flap of basally attached articular gristle Weight bearing countries Pivoting emphasiss Type Four Crater type Full thickness ( to subchondral bone ) Weight bearing countries Numerous breaks and loose organic structures Type V Fibrillation type Fibrillations of gristle surface Lateral, weight bearing country, of Femoral condyle Degenerative arthritis Type VI Degrading type Fraying, soft gristle Weight bearing countries Arthrosis Figure 2 Table of Cartilage harm Classification. Information taken from ( Siliski, 1994 ) . As can be seen in figure 2, there are a figure of different types of gristle runing from the less terrible type I to the serious degrading gristle of type VI. There are besides a broad scope of causes of articular gristle harm from mechanical hurts and diseases, the major disease being Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a common disease that can do debasement of articular gristle, exposing subchondral bone ( Dickson et al, 2003 ) . It can do intense hurting and decreased mobility, and while it typically affects the aged, early phases can be seen in younger persons ( Buckwalter et al, 1998 ) .The disease has a figure of causes including familial and mechanical causes such as emphasiss and the growing of gristle lesions ( Goldring, 2000 ) . Osteoarthritis causes the break the gristle matrix and cleaving of collagen fibers, this consequences in loss of tensile strength and farther lesion formation ( Goldring, 2000 ) . Overtime the articular gristle is degraded and due to its avascular na ture and the inability of it to self fix, it is non replaced. Therefore the lone method of replacing the debauched gristle and reconstructing full articulation map is through surgical intercession. Current fix techniques rely on non-cell based attacks which fall under three classs, lavage and debridement, microfracturing, and osteochondral grafting. The first technique known as lavage and debridement arthroscopy and aims to unclutter already damaged gristle from a joint. The procedure requires two stairss, the first being lavage where the articulation is washed with fluid and any loose gristle flushed out of the joint ( Moseley et al, 2002 ) . The following phase is the debridement phase in which unsmooth articular gristle is shaved or vacuumed off, farther taking any clogging harm ( Moseley et al, 2002 ) . This debridement forms a smooth skiding surface and allows the articular surfaces to recover most of their orginal map. This process is thought to supply initial alleviation of some symptoms of gristle harm and is frequently the first measure used when gristle harm is less terrible, such as in type I and II harm ( Hendrich et al, 2003 ) . Despite the short term benefits the procedure does non replace the gristle, go forthing the single unfastened to farther degredation. In add-on to this, surveies such as the one performed by B. J. Moseley and co-workers in 2002 suggested that affects of lavage and debridement intervention may be strictly perceived by the patient ( Moseley et al, 2002 ) . Out of 180 patients and equal figure were assigned to lavage, debridement, and a placebo operation. The consequences showed that similar Numberss of patients in the three groups reported decreases in articulatio genus hurting ( Moseley et al, 2002 ) . This raises serious inquiries over the viability of lavage and debridement arthroscopy, and it clearly can non be considered a successful method of handling gristle harm. Another of the chief gristle fix therapies used today is called microfracturing, which relies on the induced incursion of subchondral bone to created replacing gristle on the articular surface ( Steadman et al 1997 ) . Multiple holes are drilled into the subchondral bone to the bone marrow ; this causes blood rich in marrow contents to coagulate in the countries environing the holes. Mesenchymal primogenitor cells from the marrow rich blood are so thought to make new chondrocytes which replace the damaged gristle ( Hendrich et al, 2003 ) . This method provides a longer-term solution than lavage and debridement, as consequences surveies such as a 1997 survey by Steadman et al show. In this survey 75 % of patients reported decreased articulatio genus hurting between 3 and 5 old ages after intervention ( Steadman et al 1997 ) . However the gristle produced chiefly fibrocartilage ( Kreuz et al, 2006 ) which is non every bit lasting as natural articular gristle and finally degrades under the conditions in articular articulations ( Kreuz et al, 2006 ) . The process may besides make complications in the motion of articulations following boring of the bone. These complications may include unnatural flexing and agreement under tonss or lockup of the joint ( Steadman et al 1997 ) . The concluding process in common usage is osteochondral grafting. This techniques uses transplants of healthy articular gristle and grafts them on the countries of harm or degredation. Grafts may come from less to a great extent loaded countries of the joint ( an autologous transplant ) ( Schenettler et al, 2008 ) , or may be a gristle transplant from another person ( an homograft ) . Holes are drilled in the country of subchondral bone under the debauched gristle and transplant of healthy tissue is pressed into it, covering the damaged country. This is a technique is utile because it replaces the damaged gristle with the same hyaline gristle that would be found at that place of course, and this has proven to be effectual over the long term in a sensible sum of patients ( Schenettler et al, 2008 ) . However the process besides comes with a figure of serious complications such as transmittal of infection during the usage of homografts ( Fox et al, 2002 ) . Additionally, the transplant may neglect to attach decently with both the surrounding gristle and the subchondral bone, or the transplant itself can interrupt up taking to what is known as graft failure ( Fox et al, 2002 ) . The interruption up or relaxation of the transplant can make loose organic structures inside the joint and lead to greater limitation of joint motion. Section 2 -DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW DERVIED STEM CELLS AND POTENTIAL FOR REPAIR Bone marrow is a squashy tissue found inside castanetss and can be divided into xanthous bone marrow and ruddy bone marrow ( Matini et al, 2009 ) . The chief maps of bone marrow are to bring forth new blood cells and to renew damaged tissue found in the organic structure ( Kauser et al, 2007 ) . The ability of bone marrow to renew damaged tissue is due to cells found in bone marrow called bone marrow root cells ( BMSCs ) , which consist of hematopoietic root cells ( HSCs ) and mesenchymal root cells ( MSCs ) ( Grove et al, 2004 ) . HSCs were foremost discovered in 1970 ( Kauser et al, 2007 ) , and act as the primogenitor cells for blood cells such as ruddy blood cells and myeloid cells like as macrophages and neutrophils ( Sherwood, 2010 ) . MSCs do non give rise to blood cell line of descents but have been shown to distinguish into a scope of connective tissue cell types like apidocytes, chondrocytes, and bone-forming cells ( Grove et al, 2004 ) . The ability of BMSCs to distinguish and give rise to different cell types may hold opened the possibility of new interventions for tissue fix around the organic structure ( Grove et al, 2004 ) . Tissues that could potentially be repaired and regenerated by BMSCs include skeletal musculus, cardiac musculus, and even tissue in the cardinal nervous system. Muscle growing and harm is controlled stem-cells called orbiter cells, which are merely found in musculus ( Campion, 1984 ) . These cells act as the primogenitor cells for myofibres which make up the musculus construction and can be localised to countries of harm or debasement. BMSCs may be able to give rise to skeletal musculus cells in a similar manner to the orbiter cells and therefore may be able to assist renew musculus fibers ( Ferrari et al, 1997 ) . Evidence of this can be seen in a 1997 probe by G. Ferrari and co-workers, who used transgenic mice to find the consequences of shooting uniform BMSCs into damaged musculus. The mice, which expressed a particular marker B-Galactosidase cistron, received injections of BMSCs into the tibialis anterior musculus which had antecedently damaged ( Ferrari et al, 1997 ; Grove et Al, 2004 ) . After a clip period of 2-5 hebdomads the repaired musculus was inspected and was found to incorporate musculus fibers showing the marker cistron. Thi s indicated that musculus fibers had differentiated from the injected BMSCs, proposing that BMSCs could play a function in musculus fix ( Ferrari et al, 1997 ) . However, when compared to a control group of mice that were injected with satellite cells it was found that the orbiter cells were incorporated into the musculus at a much higher rate ( Ferrari et al, 1997 ; Grove et Al, 2004 ) , which inquiries the virtue of utilizing BMSCs over extracted orbiter cells. In add-on to this farther survey has suggested the distinction of BMSCs into skeletal musculus may be due to merger of the BMSCs with bing musculus ( Ye et al, 2003 ; Grove et Al, 2004 ) , intending the ability of BMSCs to mend skeletal musculus may hold been overstated. The ability of BMSCs to distinguish into cardiac musculus has besides been investigated, with the purpose of happening cell-based therapies for cardiac musculus harm caused by myocardial infarction and other upsets ( Orlic et al, 2003 ; Grove et Al, 2004 ) . Work by Tomita S. Et Al in 1999 showed that BMSCs can organize cardiac-like cells and potentially better bosom map ( Tomita et al, 1999 ) . In this survey chemicals were used to bring on distinction of troponin marked BMSCs into myogenic cells, and these were injected onto damaged cardiac tissue. The cells formed cardiac-like cells and even linked together and formed myotubules ( Tomita et al, 1999 ) , demoing high degrees of distinction. Not merely did these cells successfully integrate into the damaged myocardium, but they besides showed an betterment in bosom map with additions seen in peak systolic force per unit area and ventricular volume ( Tomita et al, 1999 ) . This probe was really successful in turn outing the potency o f BMSCs in cardiac fix and regeneration, and in the writer s sentiment should be considered as an alternate graft cell to mend damaged myocardium , ( Tomita et al, 1999 ) . In add-on to simple musculus harm BMSCs are thought to be able to distinguish into other tissues and cells such as those found in the cardinal nervous system or CNS. This is peculiarly utile because CNS tissue is normally non-renewable and hard to mend, and replacing of losing cells appears to be the lone manner to handle harm ( Grove et al, 2004 ; Gage et Al, 2000 ) . Glial cells of the CNS are thought to be dervied from BMSCs in the human organic structure ( Eglitis et al, 1997 ) , which suggests the potency of BMSCs to be used to replace losing or damaged cells. A survey done in 2000 by Sanchez et Al, showed that BMSCs can be differentiated into nervous cells under certain conditions ( Sanchez et al, 2000 ) . In the survey, BMSCs were isolated and cultured with extracted nervous root cells and a differentiation medium incorporating neural growing factors, in order to bring on distinction. A figure of the BMSCs successful differentiated into cells showing the neural marker NeuN, a nd although probes into the potency of BMSC to CNS distinction are ongoing, suggests that BMSCs have the possible to be used in replacing therapies for CNS harm or debasement ( Sanchez et al, 2000 ) . Section 3 CELL-BASED THERAPIES AND BONE MARROW STEM CELLS IN THE REPAIR OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE As mentioned before, articular gristle is really hard to reapair, chiefly due to its avascular nature ( Martini et al, 2009 ) . The current interventions for articular gristle harm are successful to a certain grade, particularly in the short term, but come with legion complications and frequently fail to reproduce gristle of a similar construction and strength ( Hendrich et al, 2003 ) . Cell-based attacks utilizing the abilities of BMSCs may supply a more successful method of intervention. One of the first cell-based therapies developed is autologous chondryocyte organ transplant or ACT, which uses cultured chondrocytes to renew harm gristle ( Peterson, 2003 ) . In this procedure a subdivision of gristle is removed and the chondrocytes cultured for a clip period of 2 to 3 hebdomads ( Bittenberg et al, 1994 ) , and so injected back into the damaged articulation with a flap of periosteal to incorporate them. One of the earliest probes into ACT was performed by Bittenberg et Al in 1994, on full thickness defects of the articulatio genus ( Bittenberg et al, 1994 ) . Of the patients who underwent the surgery, 100 % reported short term hurting alleviation and increased motion ( Bittenberg et al, 1994 ) . The consequences after a long term period of 2 old ages were besides assuring, with 14 out of 16 patients with old harm to fermoral chondylar harm demoing distinguishable betterment and coverage less hurting. In add-on to the patient feedback reviews of the grafts showed tha t they had integrated with the environing gristle and showed similar belongingss to natural articular gristle ( Bittenberg et al, 1994 ) . Despite the little figure of complications such as transplant wear doing hurting, this probe showed that ACT is a successful method of fix and the process has been in common usage since 1987 ( Peterson, 2003 ) . The success of this process is visualised in figure 3 below which shows the same subdivision of gristle before and after ACT. The repaired gristle can be seen in the after exposure on the right, demoing complete integrating into environing gristle. However, even though ACT shows promising consequences and is now a normally performed process, it still requires the remotion of gristle from the joint to bring forth chondrocytes for organ transplant ( Peterson, 2003 ) , this may go forth other countries of the joint without equal gristle and is really invasive. Due to the find of the malleability of BMSCs and their ability to distinguish into chondrocytes ( Pittenger et al, 1999 ) , it may be possible to make condrocytes from stray bone marrow civilizations. Chondrogenic distinction of bone marrow derived MSCs was investiaged by Johnstone B. et Al in 1998, in which MSCs were isolated and induced to undergo chondrogenesis in a cell sum. After approximately 5 yearss in civilization, the visual aspect of collagen II fibres, similar to that produced by chondrocytes was noted ( Johnstone et al, 1998 ) . When examined, the cell aggregates besides contained proteoglycans of a similar nature to those produced by chondrocytes, which suggested that chondrogenic distinction had occurred in the civilized bone marrow derived MSCs ( Johnstone et al, 1998 ) . These consequences were supported by work done by Mackay A. M. et Al in 1998, who attempted to bring on chondrogenesis in MSCs utilizing Decadron and transforming growing factors ( Mackay et al, 1998 ) . The survey besides found grounds of collagen II and proteoglycan production and besides noted the formation of an extracellular matrix similar to that found in natural articular gristle ( Mackay e t al, 1998 ) . Although the ability of MSCs to give rise to chondrocytes is interesting, for it to hold a clinical impact on countries such as gristle fix, methods must be made to present the differentiated MSCs to the country of damaged gristle. Such a method may hold been devised utilizing distinguishing MSCs into chondrocytes on a biodegradable polymer concept ( Tuan, 2003 ) . In this method the concept is press-coated into a civilization of stray MSCs which were so induced into chondrogenic distinction utilizing Decadron and grow factors. After chondrogenic distinction, chondrocyte-like cells coat the concept and even get down to bring forth a cartilage-like extracellular matrix, dwelling of collagen fiber and proteoglycans ( Tuan, 2003 ) . The gristle covered concept can so be transplanted onto an country of gristle harm or debasement, where it could incorporate with the remainder of the gristle and renewing new articular gristle. Other scaffold-like constructions have besides been developed s uch as three-dimensional amalgam scaffolds and nanofibrous scaffolds ( Tuan, 2003 ; Li et Al, 2005 ) , which rely on similar methods but require the chondrogenic cells to be seeded onto them alternatively of the press-coating method mentioned before. While the potency of these scaffold based methods is good, probes on really patients are still in the early phases and consequences are ill-defined. Discussion The ability of BMSCs to distinguish into a broad assortment of non-hematopoietic tissues provides the potency for new interventions of diseases and harm in skeletal musculus, cardiac musculus and in the CNS ( Ferrari et al, 1997 ; Orlic et Al, 2003 ; Sanchez et Al, 2000 ) . However it is the ability of BMSCs to distinguish into chondrocytes which is possibly the most interesting in a clinical sense due to the limited ego fix of gristle and the big sum of people affected by disease such as degenerative arthritis ( Dickson et al, 2003 ) . Yet despite the comparative successes of probes into MSCs to chondrocyte distinction, inquiries are still being raised over how effectual the can be and the viability of these cells in intervention of gristle harm. The first job is the success of chondrogenic distinction, which although possible, can happen at changing rates in different surveies. In the 1998 survey by Johnstone et Al, grounds suggested that stray MSCs had been successfully differentiated into chondrocyte-like cells and could reproduce a similar extracellular matrix as seen in gristle. However, the sum of cells that differentiated was widely variable as was the production of collagen fibers and the extracellular matrix ( Johnstone et al, 1998 ) . Variation was besides seen in the morphology of the cells as the forms changed depending on concentration of growing factors. While much of the difference in size, figure and form was attributed to different concentrations of growing factors ( Johnstone et al, 1998 ) . , the variableness of the consequences suggests that, despite grounds of successful chondrogenesis, the process used to bring on chondrogenesis demands to be farther developed to make consistent chondrogenic cells. The existent ability of BMSCs to distinguish may besides be overstated as surveies have suggested that a phenomenon known as cell merger may make the semblance of cells being more pluripotent ( Ye et al, 2003 ; Grove et Al, 2004 ) . This was investigated in paper by Wang X. et Al in 2003, which investigated bone marrow derived hepatocytes whether or non they could be formed by bone marrow HSCs. Despite the successful creative activity of hepatocytes the findings suggested that they arise from the HSCs undergoing cell merger ( Wang et al, 2003 ) . Another illustration of this was seen in a 2002 probe done by Terada N. Et Al, which suggested BMSCs merely follow the phenotype of certain cells and that cistrons of giver cells could easy be misinterpreted as cistrons of differentiated cells, giving the visual aspect of trans-differentiation when there was none ( Terada et al, 2002 ) . Further inquiries about the malleability of BMSCs have been raised by probes that suggest BMSCs do non di stinguish into certain tissue types. For illustration, a survey done by Castro R. F. Et Al, failed to observe a B-galactosidase marker in cells they thought would distinguish into nervous root cells, bespeaking that BMSCs could non give rise to nervous cells ( Castro et al, 2002 ) . Assuming that the root cells found in bone marrow can distinguish into cells of different tissues such as gristle, the inquiry has to be asked whether or non bone marrow is the best beginning these root cells. Mesenchymal root cells, which are thought to give rise to chondrocytes under the right conditions ( Grove et al, 2004 ) , are besides found in tissue such as adipose tissue ( Zuk et al, 2001 ) . The advantages of utilizing adipose tissue include the big measures, minimum uncomfortableness, and less invasive nature necessitating far simpler and less complicated surgeries ( Zuk et al,

Everydy Low pricing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Everydy Low pricing - Assignment Example 2. What could your local supermarket do other than offer low prices or price discounts to win your business (delight you) and still maintain a high profit margin? As suggested, other than offering everyday low prices, one’s local supermarket could offer some slow moving products on major price-off sale (from 20 to 50% off) or provide discounts to frequent buyers (maybe through accumulating points which could be redeemed as cash on the next shopping). These strategies would ensure that slow moving products could be purchased and the points system would not entail costs to the supermarket which could lessen their profits. 3. What advantages and disadvantages do you see for manufacturers to offer everyday low purchase prices to retailers? Are manufacturers and retailers pushing price so much that theyre in danger of lowering profits? Is this especially true on the Internet? Why is price competition so common? The advantages of offering everyday low purchase prices to retailers by manufacturers include selecting them as sources of products in volume, as against competitors not offering low prices. The disadvantages include potentially lower profit potentials if the volumes of needed sales are not met. One believes that manufacturers and retailers make the necessary computations in volume-price effect of pushing price to achieve a target profit; otherwise, they would not offer this pricing strategy. This fact is applicable in any organizational setting and in various medium, including the internet. Price competition is so common because consumers are becoming price conscious and opts to purchase products that are perceived to be the cheapest but provides the value needed by the

Starbucks Corporate Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks Corporate Culture - Essay Example More than half of these branches are located in the United States, with the United Kingdom following by far with more than 100 branches (Starbucks Corporation. 2008). The company’s corporate culture is one of the most relaxed, and considerate in regard to the community. It is classified amongst the companies where employees are satisfied with remuneration packages and other attached benefits even as companies are suffering due to financial crisis (Reilly, 2008). The company is largely focused on the empowerment of employees through several benefit schemes which assist in career development and improved productivity. Employee retention is enhanced, which contributes to the organization’s overall productivity. The management emphasizes on the improvement of skills amongst the employees through training. They are trained through workshops and other classes that offer essential information on coffee, such as the history of coffee production, customer satisfaction and several other vital subjects aimed at creating employee awareness. These are mandatory classes for new employees in the company (Rose 2002). On top of training, the organization portrays its considerate attention to all employees regardless of their employment terms in regard to whether they are full time or part time. Both groups are entitled to a health and dental benefits, insurance against disabilities, compensation during vacation and leave, programs meant to assist the employees in personal matters as well as personal and financial development (Richards, 2007). All the benefits that employees are entitled to, significantly contribute to organizational productivity. They generate a sense of appreciation amongst them, thereby improving their commitment to the achievement organizational goals. The flexibility of working whereby employees work part time and still get benefits as the full time workers is significant in the enhancement of work life balance amongst the employees. This helps in

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Leadership - Essay Example f leadership in business can be fully understood if it is applied to the leadership qualities exhibited and promoted by Jack Welch during his tenure at GE. His leadership has been credited as one of the primary reasons which took GE from a company which was in financial trouble and losing investor confidence to the position of the most admired and respected company in the world (Colvin, 2005). Jack Welch comes across clearly in terms of his leadership ideal when he gives the eight rules of leadership in his book titled Winning. These rules can be studied in the light of leadership theories and a final analysis can be made as to which are the exact ideals of leadership that are recommended by Jack Welch. The eight rules as suggested by Welch (2005) are: With these rules in mind, two theories of leadership can be applied to the style used by Welch and these are the trait theories set and the situational theories of leadership. Gardner (1995) presents us with several ideas which leaders can use to change their leadership styles or how they can balance the styles depending on the situation. The idea of leadership traits can come with several stereotypes or ideas that some people are born leaders, but leadership skills can also be taught to people although the right personality always helps (Welch, 2005). For example, when we consider the third rule given by Welch which states that leaders must give out and infect others with positive energy and optimistic views about situations. That is a key pointer towards the fact that Jack Welch considers the majority of leadership skills to come from the trait theory than any other applicable theory. Undoubtedly, optimism is a personality trait and being able to create optimism or any other emphatic feeling in others requires a leader to have charisma (DePree, 1989). Charisma is accepted by DePree (1998) to be a rare quality which is attributed to those leaders who create devoted followers. Devoted followers and employees who

Marketing analysis of internet portal Sulekha.com

Marketing analysis of internet portal Sulekha.com Sulekha.com is a groundbreaking site for multiple reasons, one of them being that, it is a completely member-contributed website; almost all of its 500,000+ pages of content are contributed by tens of thousands of Indians from over 50 countries. It is best place to blog, to interact and to make friends. Sulekha has blogs, social networking, classifieds, events, yellow pages, among other services and has definitely come a long way in a short span of time. It is the leading provider of integrated online event promotion and management, membership and fundraising services to offline organizations. It has served more than 500 advertisers in more than 10 business domains and helped meet their marketing and sales objectives. Sulekha has become a highly sought-after online advertising medium because of its unparalleled reach, unprecedented targeting (by age, gender, city, sub-ethnicity and income) and integrated offline/online promotions. Today, Sulekha serves an exponentially growing online and mobile member base of 6.2 million in over 50 cities in India, US and elsewhere as the: (a)Most popular online/mobile provider of YP business search results to users and business leads to small to medium business advertisers and merchants (b)Most popular online/mobile provider of classifieds in the broadest range of categories (c)Most popular social media site offering largest events/opinions/reviews in targeted domains. More Indians use Sulekha.com than any other source online or offline to find local businesses and interact and transact with each other for the broadest range of needs all across India, US and elsewhere. Sulekha.coms assets include: The largest listing of general Classifieds. The most comprehensive and accurate Yellow Pages business listings in India. The largest number of Small to Medium Business advertisers in the online/mobile space. The largest base of member-generated content amongst Indian sites that spurs local commerce. A sophisticated and scalable mobile/online platform that serves millions of users on a daily basis. Sulekha.com continues to rapidly expand its user and customer base both through its own sales force and through a growing network of prominent alliances with major mobile and online partners such as Reliance, Vodafone, Airtel, Spice, Sify and othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.making the use of Classifieds and Local Search easy and ubiquitous. Every business that is listed on Sulekha yellow Pages has its own profile page, where in people can add information about that business, pictures, work hours, map coordinates and contact details. From the profile page visitors are given an option to either call the business or send a free text message to the business. Visitors can at anytime save the information about the business on their phone from the website. Since its inception Sulekha has developed many applications for mobile platforms and for social networking platforms such as Facebook. The Facebook applications include a restaurant finder and an application to browse through Classifieds. They have also developed an application for the Nokia N97 which allows the user to browse through all the services offered by the company. It is a fully funded company, headquartered in Austin (Texas, US) and with operations in US and India. The website has not advertised on TV in India to date as we always felt there would be a lot of wastage in reaching an audience that is not yet on online.Sulekha.com has been recognized as one of the Top Six Largest Internet Media Portals in India and a pioneer in marrying community and commerce in a distinctive manner. BUSINESS MODEL Launching a Web-based start-up had to be either an act of sheer bravado or the result of a carefully conceived business plan. Satya Prabhakar was banking on the latter, but in effect, he fit into the former category. For, the dotcom bubble had burst and portals were not considered the promised route to success. Yet, Prabhakar persisted.. He quit his well-paying job with ATT in the US, put in his savings and investments worth $25,000, and set up sulekha.com at 37. Sulekha was a dream of setting up an online community for Indians worldwide that took shape when he was employed, and the conviction of its success saw him actually write the code for the site. He turned his vocation to occupation despite the risks involved and the misgivings of the people around him. When Im 55, I dont want to regret not having done something, he justifies his move. Its also his business philosophy. He attributes it to the concept of regret minimisation framework coined by Jeff Bezos, the founder of amazon.com. Another influence for Prabhakar has been Paulo Coelhos The Alchemist, a tale about following ones dream and finding out what one is capable of. Whats the worst that could have happened? he asks. If this venture had failed, I knew I could have gone back to a job. As for the familys responsibility, Prabhakar was unfazed because he had kept aside sufficient funds to last them at least a year. True to his conviction, Sulekha soon took on a life of its own. The next logical step was to set up a space where buyers and sellers could meet. So the classifieds version of Sulekha was born and it took about two-and-a-half years for the site to break even. About an year or so after this, Prabhakar began thinking of taking the business to India. By 2005, he had moved back home and set up headquarters in Chennai. Though the business model for the e-venture was in place, India threw up several unique challenges for Sulekha. The sheer size of the population was daunting. The other, more critical, aspect involved convincing small businesses that the Internet was not necessarily a parallel universe, but that it could be a powerful tool if it was exploited in the right manner. So, Prabhakar tweaked his model to suit the country-instead of a regular classifieds site, he sold Sulekha purely as a mechanism for gathering business leads. This means that a small business can advertise on Sulekha with the assurance of a certain number of leads being generated. A user (buyer) who goes to Sulekha is given the option of asking for a specific product or service and his contacts are then sent to the advertiser as a lead. This implies that the user is assured a veritable flood of targeted responses. What makes Sulekhas Indian business model unique is that the advertisers largely small businesses have literally nothing to do online. They pay for the leads-Sulekha could be a skywriting site for all that it matters to them. Theres absolutely no commerce conducted online, so there are no security issues. As Prabhakar says, all he really needed to have in place was a crack sales team. They (people) are my real assets. Everything else that sulekha.com owns can fit into a hard disk, he says. So while recruiting, he looks for people with the right attitude: those who regard problems as challenges and enjoy their work. However, reactions took time to convert into revenue. It was three years before Sulekha broke even, but there has been no looking back since then. From Rs 50,000 worth of business that was transacted in a month initially, the site has moved on to making at least twice this amount in a day. The company has offices in five cities across the country-Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Delhi-and plans to open more. Today, Sulekha is what Prabhakar always wanted it to be: Not just a site that people love to visit, but a site that people have to visit. Authoritarianism obviously pays. Users are happy with Sulekha, which gets a large number of repeat visitors, according to Prabhakar. But the portals success has given rise to innumerable rumours. When you attain a certain size, theres nothing people can do except talk, he says. While they are talking, he is moving into different media, including mobile phones. The bottom line is clear: Prabhakar wants Sulekha to be everyones default option. Sulekha.com is succeeding today by identifying and firmly establishing first-mover leadership role in multiple areas, and by managing its resources smartly and is preparing to launch the first Indian electronic bookstore aimed at selling downloadable content to end-users. It has won unanimous praise from numerous Indian and foreign media for its unique approach and commercial success. REVENUE MODEL: Sulekha derives its revenues in India through a performance guaranteed response model through which they have served a customer base of nearly 20,000 SMB customers and hundreds of major brands. Sulekha.com continues to rapidly expand its user and customer base both through its own sales force and through a growing network of prominent alliances with major mobile and online partners such as Vodafone, Reliance, Sify and others, making the use of Classifieds and Local Search easy and ubiquitous. Sulekha, which drives its revenues primarily from businesses, instead of the end consumers, is working out plans to rope in more channel partners who will drive online traffic to the websites. The company which recently launched its assured advertising solution for small business, aims to attract about 50,000 businesses to advertise in the portal by the end of the year. The company is giving advertisers the guarantee to succeed, and if an advertiser feel that his target of getting a certain number of responses has not been met, Sulekha.com is assuring to run the same advertisement till they met the business demand. CUSTOMER VALUE PROPOSITION User-generated content, focus on the social media targeted at specifically Indians and on generating a revenue with local commerce within the community has been the unique value proposition (UVP) for Sulekha.com according to Sulekha.com co-founder and CEO Satya Prabhakar. Sulekha.com has now migrated and replicated there success in the online space to the mobile platform by providing services classifieds as well as mobile blogging in the current months. They want to expand by offerings, by creating more alliances with print media and mobile service providers. Sulekha realizes this goal in a profitable manner by creating a flexible and powerful interactive platform that connects Indians worldwide through a variety of popular and powerful services. Here are some concrete examples of how they do it: Social Capital: Sulekha provides the most popular platform for expression and discussions (articles/columns, Coffeehouse, Weblogs) that allows exchange of thoughts and opinions. Sulekha has helped raised over $1 million / Rs. 5 crores for hundreds of cultural and charitable organizations in promoting and selling tickets for their funds and events. Economic Capital: Sulekha runs the most popular online classifieds service in North America (and soon worldwide) that allows for the exchange of products and services among Indians. Also, Sulekha has also started a fund, collected. Political Capital: Sulekha provides a powerful platform for Indian organizations worldwide to promote and find support for petitions advocating their causes. The Smart Techie magazine has released a list of Top 25 most promising internet companies in India. The list includes BigAdda(social networking), Yatra.com(travel), Zapak(gaming), and Sulekha.com(local commerce). CONCLUSION: Some of the trends for the coming year as predicted by Sulekha.com show that: The ability to target online users by geography has improved, and its a lot cheaper now. Local advertisers can now be sure that only local eyeballs will see their ad. One can develop a reputation very quickly online, adding to his credibility and opening more doors for themselves all without setting foot outside the house. Witnessing tremendous response from tier-II cities for local business search online, we feel that these cities in a very short span of time will engulf the online space. The online space will also see frenzied activity with Marketers tightening their purse strings with a lot of stress on creative experimentation. Corporate houses, big and small will look at diversification in a big way ways to synergize or differentiate their value offering to the end consumer. Small business will continue to grow and are expected to embrace technology more in the future due to the sheer economic viability attached to this medium. Innovation will become a benchmark to leverage and sustain customer interest and loyalty. Apart from the online space, innovation in the mobile space will be tremendous with mobile commerce becoming a key platform for business convergence after the opening up of 3G networks. AWARD WON BY SULEKHA: PC World(June 2008) rated Sulekha.com the Best Local Search Site in India. MSN (July 2008) rated Sulekha.com the Best WAP Site in India for Local Commerce. CNBC (Oct 2008): Sulekha.comà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the largest online Classifieds and Yellow Pages in India. Venture Beat(May 2008): A merger between Facebook and Craigslist may seem like a pipe dream but in India its already happening. The web community Sulekha has quickly grown to become Indias largest user-generated content siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦with 6 million members Financial Times(UK): Sulekha.comà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the worlds largest online Indian communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is extraordinarily sticky some visitors call it addictiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦

Emily Dickinson :: essays research papers

Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts. She died in the same place on May 15, 1886. Today people know her as a fascinating, talented writer. Most of the pieces Emily wrote were poems. Emily was a very isolated individual. She rarely ever got out or had any contact with anybody outside of her home. Along with writing her poems she wrote letters to the people that she did have contact with. In the letters that she would write there would be poems somewhere within them. Emily wrote a total of 1,775 poems in her lifetime. Even though she wrote these poems she never let it be known that she had the capability to write poems with such elegance. All of the poems that she would write she kept hidden somewhere in her room. She would hide the poems in places like her window, under her bed, in corners of the room, and lots of other places. After Emily’s death the truth would be told about her secret talent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily’s sister, Lavinia Dickinson found around 900 of the poems Emily had hidden in her room. Her sister decided that the poems were good enough to be published. She went to a friend of the family where she would get help in editing and publishing the poems. Lavinia’s friend, Mabel Loomis Todd and a friend of hers, Thomas Wentworth Higginson began to put a lot of Said 2 effort of getting the poems published. In the year 1890 they accomplished in getting 115 of Emily’s poems published. After their first success of publishing the poems they began to get more involved with Emily’s poems. Along with publishing the poems Mabel and Thomas began practicing the revision of the poems. When Emily wrote the poems some of the English written was incorrect and some of the poems were incomplete. They corrected the English and finished the incomplete poems to the best of their ability. After a while they managed to publish another 166 poems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Johnson describes Emily Dickinson and compares her to other poets like Edgar Allen Poe and Whitman he states: Dickinson, however, was the poet of exclusion, of the shut door. She accepted the limitations of rhyme and meter, and worked endless variations on one basic pattern, exploring the nuances that the framework would allow. No democrat, she constructed for herself a set of aristocratic images; she was queen and empress.

Waste Treatment

This PwC Report documents the key proceedings during the seminar It is for internal usage of iNDEXTb and other Government of Gujarat agencies and departments only. July 2012 Detailed Report: Integrated Waste Management– Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Forward Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Challenges and Way Forward Table of Contents 1. Summary and Way Forward †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. Inaugural Plenary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. 1 Welcome Address and Introductory Remarks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 2. 2 Address †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. 3 Key Note Address †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. 4 Inaugural Address by Guest of Honour †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 2. 5 Inaugural Address by Chief Guest †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. 6 Concluding Remarks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 3. Technical Plenary – I: Sustainable Waste Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 List of Speakers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 3. Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 3. 2 Waste Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 3. 3 Handling Emerging Waste Streams: E-Waste and Hazardous Waste Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 3. 4 Need for Mixed Technologies in Waste Disposal: Focus on Waste to Energy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. 5 Closing Remarks by Session Chairman †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 4. Panel Discussion: From Door to Dump †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 List of Speakers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 5. Technical Plenary – II: Harnessing Waste for Wealth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 List of Speakers †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 5. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 5. Presentation by Surat Municipal Corporation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 5. 3 Facilitating Public Priv ate Partnerships in Waste Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 5. 4 Cost Economics: How to create a revenue model †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 5. 5 Towards Zero Waste: Exploring the Systems Approach †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 6. Closing Remarks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . 17 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Forward Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 1. Summary and Way Forward The following table summarizes the key parameters of the Seminar: Parameter International Speakers Domestic Speakers Total Participants Total Number 2 17 350+The Way Forward across different dimensions as suggested by the speakers and participants are mentioned below Integrated waste management concept should focus on waste reduction along with recycling and reuse. This can be done by raising awareness towards generation of waste. Cities doing better in the fields of urban development including waste management should start sharing their learning and experience with smaller towns and cities. This can also be facilitated by PEARL initiative under JnNURM.Source-based segregation n eeds to be encouraged through awareness drives among citizens and other consumers of waste management services. This would also require suitable collection mechanisms and vehicles which can transport segregated wastes. Government needs to promote adoption of new technologies and processes for waste treatment suitable for the heterogeneous nature of Indian waste. Waste to energy solutions for Indian waste are possible despite lower calorific value and the same need to be encouraged through adoption of emerging technologies like gasification, concord blue tower, co processing among others.Viability of waste-to-energy solutions and other treatment disposal / recycling facilities can be boosted by clubbing smaller municipalities which do not have the financial wherewithal so that a common facility can be created and shared. Liquid waste management requires better collection efficiency which calls for sewerage network and other supporting infrastructure especially in smaller towns and ci ties. There is need for building more bio-medical and electronic waste treatment facilities. Both these categories of hazardous waste are rapidly emerging waste streams which need dedicated facilities for disposal and treatment.Private sector participation in waste management needs to be bolstered further which calls for development of suitable framework, capacity building of Urban Local Bodies and proper sharing of risk between the public and private sector. Private participation in the sector also needs to be facilitated through creation of a market for recyclables, raising awareness among citizens to increase willingness to pay and transparent pricing for levying user charges along with billing systems on the lines of electricity and water bills for waste management services.Zero waste scenario is achievable – a paradigm shift in waste management activities that is required. PwC Page 3 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. Inaugural Plenary The Seminar on â€Å"Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead† was held in Surat at Science Centre on 06 July 2012. Gujarat which is today one of the fastest urbanizing states in the country is also a strong industrial and economic hub.Unprecedented growth in its cities and urban sprawl are making adoption of new ideas in urban development sector inevitable. Waste management is a critical area and it requires special efforts to plan and manage the spiralling waste generation that is taking place, given the complex issues viz. new emerging waste streams, environmental challenges of waste handling and treatment among others.Towards this end, a 1-day seminar on integrated waste management was organized to brainstorm on emerging ideas, technologies, and systems in waste collection, treatment, disposal and recovery. The seminar was held at Surat, a model city for waste management processes in not just Gujarat but the entire countr y. The Inaugural session began by lighting of the lamp by the honourable dignitaries gracing the event. These dignitaries included – Name Shri Ranjitbhai Gilitwala Shri Narottambhai Patel Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS Mr. I P Gautam, IAS Mr. S J Haider, IAS Mr. M K Das, IAS Mr.Piyush Shah Organization Government of Gujarat Government of Gujarat Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India Urban Development and Urban housing department, Government of Gujarat Gujarat Urban Development Company Surat Municipal Corporation Confederation of Indian Industry Designation Honourable Minister of State Cottage industries, Salt Industries, Printing and stationery, Planning and Transport Honourable Minister – Panchayat, Rural housing and Rural Development, Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs Former Secretary Principal Secretary Managing Director Commissioner Chairman, CII Gujarat State Council PwCPage 4 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 1 Welcome Address and Introductory Remarks Mr. M K Das, IAS, Commissioner, Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) delivered the opening address by greeting and extending a warm welcome to all esteemed dignitaries and august audience to the 1-day event organized at Surat, as a run up to the Vibrant Gujarat 2013 Summit. Mr. Das said that the pace of urbanization was posing multiple challenges to urban local bodies including development of physical and social infrastructure which not only meets current demand but also sustains future growth.One of the biggest challenges is provision of a healthy and clean environment to the citizens and in this context, scientific management of waste becomes very important. He said that the seminar was a good platform for knowledge sharing and he hoped that it would provide useful insights into the current and future trends in the sector. Introducing the city of Surat, Mr. Das said that Surat is among the fastest growing cities in the count ry. It is the 2nd largest city of Gujarat and 9th largest city in India with a population of ~ 4. 5 million and an area spread of 320 sq km.Large scale presence of industries especially the textile and diamond industry has contributed a lot to this growth. Greater potential of employment and options for better livelihood has attracted a large influx of migrants. This enormous growth has simultaneously tested the waste management processes in the city with around 1,200-1,400 metric tonnes of solid waste and 700 million litres of liquid waste being produced in the city per day. It is therefore a big challenge for SMC to ensure effective systems and processes for collection and disposal of municipal waste. Government of Gujarat, Mr.Das said, has been progressive with a futuristic outlook and today’s seminar is a part of its proactive initiatives to bring out innovative and practical solutions in the field of waste management. This seminar aims at coordination of waste management efforts across the country and plans to provide a platform for sharing information related to various initiatives and programs. Mr. Das concluded by expressing hope that ideas generated in this seminar will act as a catalyst for further development of the waste management sector and provide clear action points for providing a clean, green and healthy environment for the people. . 2 Address Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Urban Housing department, Government of Gujarat opened his note by introducing to the audience the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2013 and the seminars organized by the Urban Development and Urban Housing department as a run up to the main event in January 2013. He said that the venue for Seminar on Integrated waste management was carefully chosen as Surat because of the excellent work being done by Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) and the seminar would therefore offer an opportunity to delegates and other urban local bodies to incorporate learning from work do ne in this city.Underscoring the importance of change required in waste management sector, Mr. Gautam said that it was necessary to discard age old ideas and adopt emerging technologies and systems which countries and leading cities around the world are practising. Mr. Gautam also briefed the audience about the inception of Gujarat Urban Development Company in 2001 for reconstruction of earthquake affected towns and its expansion later as a nodal agency for the urban development department providing coordination and support to all 159 municipalities across various areas of urban development.He ended his note inviting all the experts present to share their ideas and experiences and make the seminar fruitful. PwC Page 5 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 3 Key Note Address Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS, Former Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India opened his note by congratulating Surat City for featuring 4th in the list of fastest developing cities. He pointed out that various models in the area of waste management emanating out of Suart could be practised cross the country.He said that with more than 2 lakh MT of waste produced everyday by approximately 8,000 towns and cities in the county, it has become imperative to handle waste in an effective manner so that cities remain clean and wastes can be re-cycled and re-used in the best possible manner. He also highlighted the change of composition in waste produced in India. He said that over the last 10 years, plastic waste has increased 10-fold whereas paper waste has gone up to just 2 times so we need to choose waste handling technology with these changes in consideration. Dr.Ramachandran stressed upon the need for 0verall waste management policy at the state level so that cities have clear guidelines for waste management. He also insisted that overall waste management policy should have guidelines for waste handling, resources allocation and should clearly define roles and responsibility of various bodies like pollution board and local bodies wh0 are involved in waste management. He said that creating awareness among masses for waste reduction is equally important and urged electoral representatives to prioritize this factor of 3R.He also said that creating awareness cannot be left to local bodies as every citizen should be made aware of ways to reduce waste and different eco-friendly ways of doing things. Dr. M Ramachandran pointed out that we have various service level benchmarks and National Sanitation Policy and it is important to timely implement these policies so that in a comprehensive manner, fundamentals of solid waste management can be addressed. He concluded by saying that we need to quantify actions at the city level so that changes can be achieved with long term perspective. 2. 4 Inaugural Address by Guest of HonourHon’ble Minister of State for Cottage Industries, Salt Industries, Printing and S tationery, Planning and Transport, Mr. Ranjitbhai Gilitwala was the Guest of Honour. In his address, he congratulated Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) for organizing this important seminar on Integrated Waste Management and also appreciated the laudable work done by SMC. After the plague epidemic that gripped the city in 1994, tremendous work was undertaken to make the city clean and green by SMC. Today, Surat has emerged as one of the best cities to live and work and offers quality lifestyle, said Mr.Gilitwala. Hon’ble minister also said that waste treatment and recycling should not alone be the focus and called for efforts from people to reduce the generation of waste. Reducing generation can go a long way in addressing sustainability concerns, along with recycling and reuse of the waste generated. Government of Gujarat under the visionary leadership of Hon’ble Chief Minister, Shri Narendra Modi aimed to focus on environmental issues and seminars such as these were an important platform for sharing of ideas and knowledge collaboration. PwC Page 6 of 18Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 2. 5 Inaugural Address by Chief Guest Hon’ble Minister of Panchayat, Rural Housing, Rural Development, Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs, Government of Gujarat Sheri Narrottambhai Patel was the chief guest. In his inaugural address, he lauded the efforts of Surat Municipal Corporation and people of Surat City in significantly transforming Surat from a plague-ridden city to one of the cleanest city in India. Hon’ble minister said that effective waste management is integral to overall development of Gujarat.He also said that with 158 municipalities and 8 municipal corporations in the state, there is need for continuous learning from mutual best practices. Hon’ble minister reinforced the commitment of government towards waste management and also said that Government of Gujarat wants to deve lop all its cities in the line of Surat in the waste management area. 2. 6 Concluding Remarks Mr. Piyush Shah, Chairman, CII State Council, Gujarat and Managing Director Hitachi HiRel Power Electronics Pvt Ltd, concluded the session by thanking all speakers and dignitaries for sharing their knowledge and sparing time for attending the event.Mr. Shah lauded the efforts being undertaken by Government of Gujarat to promote information sharing and brainstorming on the important issue of waste management having wide spread ramifications for the development of our cities. PwC Page 7 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 3. Technical Plenary – I: Sustainable Waste Management List of Speakers Name Dr. M Ramachandran, IAS Prof. Chetan Vaidya Dr. A N Vaidya Dr.Juergen Porst Organization Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India National Institute of Urban Affairs National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR †“ NEERI) Bavarian Waste Association Incinerators Designation Former Secretary Director Senior Principal Scientist and Head Solid Waste Management Division Senior Advisor, GIZ (IndoGerman Bilateral Agency) 3. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session Chairman Dr. M Ramachandran, Former Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India opened the session by introducing the speakers and setting the context for the discussion.He urged speakers to talk about new models, ideas and ways to move towards better waste management in our cities and deliberate on the challenges facing waste management sector in India. 3. 2 Waste Management Prof. Chetan Vaidya, Director, National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) talked about the trends in the waste management sector. Municipal Solid Waste Management rules in India were formed in the year 2000 and there was a need to relook at those since there had been several challenges in implementing them. Public private partnership models have also bee n facing issues of absence of user charges, labor rationalization etc.Quoting an NIUA report, Prof. Vaidya highlighted that waste management is essentially an operation and maintenance issue and steps were needed to overhaul the sector keeping in view this important perspective. Integrated waste management is the need of the hour and Kanpur city in the northern state of India, Uttar Pradesh presented a good example of outsourcing end to end solutions in the waste management sector. Surat in Gujarat too with a combination of operators providing different services presented an alternate example of effective waste management solutions. Dr.Vaidya also spoke about PEARL (Peer Experience and Reflective Learning) initiative under JnNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission), the ambitious program of Government of India, being an effective source of promoting knowledge sharing among cities so that learning emerging from urban centres can be shared across the country for wider be nefits. There was a need felt to raise awareness about PEARL across cities in India which was being done by NIUA through its various efforts and initiatives. PwC Page 8 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead . 3 Handling Emerging Waste Streams: E-Waste and Hazardous Waste Management Emerging waste streams in India like biomedical and electronic waste need technologically superior solutions to handle them, said Dr. A N Vaidya, Scientist at the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI). Dr. Vaidya started his note by highlighting the changing composition of pollution, both air and water in the country over last few decades. The composition of waste generated had also changed and reflected new types of pollutants and this had made new approach in waste sector inevitable.The new approach had shifted to management of waste from treatment only perspective and cleaner technologies along with advanced treatment, equipments etc were now available. The major challenge in managing hazardous composites of waste streams is the heterogeneous nature of waste generated and dealing with this requires that waste minimization strategies remain at the core of our approach. This included both reduction at source as well as recycling and extracting as much as possible. Dr.Vaidya, apprised the audience of the advanced treatment processes which are available in the market today viz. membrane based processes, advanced oxidation processes among others. He also talked about ways for selection of an appropriate treatment process based on composition of waste and elaborated on how various processes worked. Remediation methods that could go a long way in preventing damage to environment and living conditions include regular assessment of contamination levels and selection of the right treatment process along with other initiatives.To conclude, Dr. Vaidya underlined that waste management is a dynamic sector with changing c omposition of wastes and there is a need to rapidly adopt newer and better technologies and treatment processes. 3. 4 Need for Mixed Technologies in Waste Disposal: Focus on Waste to Energy Dr. Juergen Porst has been working for over three decades in the waste management sector. He is currently working for GIZ German International Cooperation, Government of Bavaria and several state governments in India along with over 26 countries across the world. Dr. Porst talking about waste o energy trends briefed the audience about the waste management sector in Germany and the strategy that European countries had adopted which had led to them excelling in the sector. European strategy of following a hierarchic approach through prevention, reuse, recycling, recovery and disposal had led to excellent results. The heating values in developed economies were higher while the nature of Indian waste resulted in it having a low value. However, Dr. Porst stated that this was slowly changing and calori fic value of Indian waste was also on the rise.The options available for non-recyclable waste management broadly included mechanical-biological processes and thermal treatment processes. Land filling however proved to be a more expensive decision over the longer run due to the high cost of operations and after care costs. Dr. Porst also busted several myths surrounding waste incineration techniques like it not being eco-friendly and being expensive than mechanicalbiological treatment (MBT). He underscored that waste recycling and waste to energy did not conflict – they in fact complemented each other.Dr Porst, presented several products where energy produced from waste could be used for marketable products and earnings that could accrue. Waste to energy conversion methods were also environmental friendly and facilitate efficient climate protection due to their far less emissions than equivalent landfill sites. Coincineration also provided for carbon credit benefits though the reliability over long term remained low. PwC Page 9 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way AheadEnabling waste to energy based projects called for conducive conditions to be created in terms of legal frameworks, market conditions prevalent and generating favourable public opinion and acceptance among masses. 3. 5 Closing Remarks by Session Chairman The technical plenary on Sustainable waste management was concluded by the session chairman, Dr. M Ramachandran who thanked the speakers for their valuable inputs and ideas. PwC Page 10 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 4.Panel Discussion: From Door to Dump A panel discussion was held on the topic of â€Å"From Door to Dump: Issues and way forward in segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal†. The panel which consisted of eminent panellists expressed their views and concerns and proposed solutions to move faster t owards end to end solutions for the waste management sector effective to combat challenges across the value chain. List of Speakers Name Mr. I P Gautam, IAS Mr. N M Tabhani Prof. Dinesh Mehta Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu Mr. Arun Gor Mr.Debashish Tripathy Organization Urban Development and Urban Housing Department, Government of Gujarat Gujarat Pollution Control Board Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology National Solid Waste Association of India All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai IL & FS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd Designation Principal Secretary Sr. Environmental Engineer Professor Emeritus President Vice President PwC Page 11 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead ? Mr.I P Gautam, IAS, Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Urban Housing Department, Government of Gujarat: Opening the session, Mr. Gautam welcomed all the esteemed speakers on the dias. On the topic â€Å"From Door to Dumpâ € , he said the topic was very aptly termed as an effective management of waste calls for working across all activities of the process. Mr. Gautam said that one of the potential ways of overcoming issues in the waste management sector was to facilitate some form of clubbing of municipalities so that economies of scale could be leveraged where in municipalities benefit from common land could fill sites and treatment plants.Doing this would also help smaller municipalities who due to lesser generation of waste currently find investing in treatment and processing activities unfeasible. He stated that though creation of scientific landfills was easy, it was often the operation and maintenance of these landfills which was a concern. Concluding his remarks, Mr. Gautam lauded the efforts of Surat Municipal Corporation in the city – he also requested for support from the people in sustaining these initiatives and making them fruitful. Mr. N M Tabhani, Sr. Environmental Engineer Gu jarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB): On behalf of GPCB, Mr.Tabhani spoke about the challenges in waste processing and newer ways of handling waste for all round benefits. Mr. Tabhani talked about Co-processing as an effective way of handling waste from industrial processes while recovering energy and material value from them which in turn could be supplied to energy intensive industries like cement production units. Use of cement kilns also offers large scale benefits over traditional hazardous waste incinerators due to high temperatures, long residence time and oxidizing conditions present leading to reduction in emissions.While there are several others methods of processing waste for energy to meet treatment challenges, a distinct advantage that co-processing offers in handling heterogeneous Indian waste is its ability to process plastic and non recyclables from composting plants as well. However, there are certain materials like leather, iron, stones, x-ray films etc which shoul d not be sent for processing and municipalities must ensure proper segregation. Prof. Dinesh Mehta, Professor Emeritus, Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology: Prof.Mehta in his note threw light on the major issues facing waste management sector in India and Gujarat. After giving an overview of the waste characteristics in the state of Gujarat, he underlined that though waste collection efficiency was high in its cities, the extent of segregation and recovery still called for more efforts, especially in towns and smaller urban centres. Scientific disposal of waste needed focus even in larger cities having municipal corporations. Financial sustainability also remains an area which needed attention due to low recovery of costs. Apart from these, Prof.Mehta also highlighted other issues where work was required like focus on collection of liquid waste with non-sewered liquid waste content still remaining substantial in smaller urban centres. Bio medical and e-waste collection was yet another emerging area where there was a need to have more treatment facilities for these. Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu, President, National Solid Waste Association: National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI) is the only leading professional non-profit organization in the field of Solid Waste Management including Toxic and Hazardous Waste and also Biomedical Waste in India.Speaking on the challenges and way forward in the area of solid waste management, Dr. Sahu started his presentation by giving an overview of current scenario of waste management in India and also pointed out the changing composition of waste produced in India. He suggested several way forward including segregation of waste streams at the household level, provision of suitable and different transport vehicles as per demands of the nature of waste generated locally, stimulating market for recyclables. Dr.Sahu said that Government should incentivize private sector participation and promote new concepts like was te to energy through renewable energy certificates. He stressed upon the need of bringing in appropriate government policy initiatives for the same. ? ? ? PwC Page 12 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead ? Mr. Arun Gor, All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai: Mr. Gor started his presentation by giving an overview of types of waste and various laws pertaining to waste management. He pointed out that till date we don’t have any separate law dealing with e-waste.He then spoke about principal areas of management and handling of municipal solid waste. Mr. Gour highlighted the importance of segregation at source and how this can help in achieving more recycling of waste. He said that real problem is selection of appropriate technology depending upon waste generation and availability of land and further suggested that large ULBs with waste generation above 300 T/day should have centralized plants with priority of gener ating Organic Fertilizer from Bio-Waste; Waste to Energy Options are suitable for those generating 1,000T/ day and above.He concluded by saying that areas like segregation at source, storage, collection, transport, recycling, processing and final disposal requires coordinated action and policy changes so that issues of Municipal Waste Management can be addressed. ? Mr. Debashish Tripathy, Vice President, IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd: IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure and Services Ltd (IEISL) is one of the leaders in the waste management sector in India which has adopted an integrated approach in the sector and offers services from collection, processing to energy conversion.Speaking on the challenges encountered in the waste management sector, Mr. Tripathi underlined issues facing the much needed public private partnership models. He mentioned that budgetary allocations of municipal authorities was often not sufficient and also that a major cost was incurred on collection and transportation while not enough was being spent on treatment and energy conversion. Development of institutional and financial capability in the municipalities was also required as was the need to carve out viable business models for private sector involvement.The absence of willingness to pay among the citizens was a major hurdle and Mr. Tripathi suggested that it was necessary to start charging citizens for waste management services and billing systems on the lines of electricity and water bills were required. He also recommended profileration of education and benefits of segregation and waste disposal among children so that awareness seeps in the society. Carbon financing advances and post financing were other options that need to be looked at. PwC Page 13 of 18Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead 5. Technical Plenary – II: Harnessing Waste for Wealth List of Speakers Name Shri M K Das, IAS Ms. Caroline Twigg M r. Rahul Bedmutha Mr. Prayas Goel Organization Surat Municipal Corporation World Business Council Sustainable Development for Designation Municipal Commissioner India Coordinator Associate Director Managing Director CRISIL, Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Rochem India Pvt Ltd 5. 1 Introductory Remarks by Session ChairmanShri M K Das, IAS, Commissioner, Surat Municipal Corporation opened the session by welcoming all the speakers and highlighting that in the emerging scenario waste is becoming a sector where ample economic opportunities exist and effective waste management called for tapping these opportunities for creating a win-win situation for all. 5. 2 Presentation by Surat Municipal Corporation Surat Municipal Corporation, the hosts of the event made a brief presentation introducing to the audience the city and its glorious development over the last few decades.In the presentation made on â€Å"sewerage management function† of the corporation, several systems, functions and initiatives were highlighted which have made the city one of the leading urban centres in waste management sector across India. The current status of the sewerage and waste management in the city and key achievements were also highlighted. Apart from clearly defined functions at head quarter and zonal level, the corporation had focussed on adopting latest technologies by leveraging funds received under JnNURM.Carbon credit mechanism is also being tapped and it is estimated that the corporation from its 3 sewerage gas based plants would generate more than 0. 5 lakh of CER (Carbon Emission Reduction). Technology adoption had also penetrated data monitoring and control in the sewerage plants. The corporation is now focussing on development of tertiary treatment plants to ease the pressure on drinking water resources.Solid waste management activities which received a major thrust by the corporation after the plague epidemic in the city in the 1990s had undergone a sea change with s everal initiatives being taken like concept of zero garbage on roads, privatisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) related activities, infrastructure development for disposal among others. An overhaul and modernisation of the refuse transfer stations has been carried out resulting into reduction in odour and no storage of MSW. Multiple technologies for waste processing have been adopted which are preceded by segregation of the heterogeneous waste that is collected.Several sustainability initiatives have also been carried out in the city in the form of centralized biomedical waste collection, treatment and disposal, effective management of hotel and kitchen waste along with innovative schemes like ‘Anudan Scheme’ for urban dwellers and adoption of improvised equipments and provisions for its citizens. Private sector participation has been a PwC Page 14 of 18 Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead key strategy and several project s are still available in the pipeline where private sector collaboration can be successful. . 3 Facilitating Public Private Partnerships in Waste Management Ms. Caroline Twigg, India Coordinator of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) introduced to the audience the organization which has over 200 companies spanning more than 22 sectors across 35 countries as its members and works towards thought leadership for business role in sustainability concerns. Under the Urban Infrastructure initiative, the organization has been working across the complete functional chain from design and planning, building, financing and operations.Briefing the audience on Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), Ms. Twigg defined PPPs as a transformational form of procurement where government could create new ways of delivering services. She gave a brief description of the various PPP models which comprised different levels of participation from the private sector like service contracts , lease, annuity, BOOT (Build, Own, Operate and Transfer) and divesture among others. She also delineated benefits and challenges for both the parties in PPP model – Government and private sector.Ms. Twigg also talked about the waste management hierarchy which spanned from reducing usage, reuse, recycle, co processing, incineration to land filling and presented a few case studies including those from waste to fuel and waste water sectors underscoring the success of PPP based projects in these sectors. In Asia Pacific, however, Ms. Twigg noted that though there had been a boom in PPPs in this region, it still called for better oversight from public sector agencies and a stronger political will to make the models work.There is a tremendous scope for private sector participation in waste sector in India where only 8-9% of the total waste is currently being disposed off scientifically. Gulbarga, Hubli, Haldia were a few urban centres which presented successful PPP model projects. Management contracts, lease and BOOT models were emerging as the more popular ones. She highlighted that the success factors needed for development of PPPs were a strong will, robust institutional frameworks, well structured projects, a clear understanding of strengths and limitations of each party and an bjective, transparent tariff fixing procedure among several others. Ms. Twigg concluded her presentation by talking about Urban Infrastructure Initiative of WBCSD and the support available for various sources including Government of India portals etc for leveraging and development of PPPs in India. 5. 4 Cost Economics: How to create a revenue model An overview of contract structures in Waste management sector along with revenue accrual models was presented by Mr. Rahul Bedmutha, Associate Director, CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Advisory.Mr. Bedmutha started of his note by talking about the status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in India and the rising trends in waste g eneration being witnessed in the sector. He highlighted that though waste collection was reasonable at 70-80% in large cities it was abysmally low in smaller cities, often below 50%. An estimated Rs. 49,000 crore is required to plug the gaps existing the sector over the next 20 years. Currently, processing and disposal as well as integrated projects were seeing growing investments. PwC Page 15 of 18Seminar on Integrated Waste Management: Emerging Trends, Challenges and Way Ahead Funding in MSWM projects has progressed from being funded by external agencies to local city governments and further now from service providers. A viable model for funding that has emerged now is based on capital investment from service provider and recovery through tipping fee and sale of products from treatment/processing of waste. Mr Bedmutha presented a few case studies on the same and underlined that tipping fees still remains a significant contributor ~ 68% of the revenues.Contract structures of MSWM p rojects also need to be reviewed from the viewpoint of integrated waste management to avoid overlap in the scope of processing and disposal and integrated contracts. Also in the scope of work, the contracts must focus on minimization of residue after processing. Mr. Bedmutha concluded his presentation by talking about the various risks that could challenges investments in waste management sector including – waste quality risks, technology risk both from the perspective of power generation and pollution control and counterparty risk in the form of paying capability of the ULBs. . 5 Towards Zero Waste: Exploring the Systems Approach Mr. Prayas Goel, Managing Director, Rochem India presented on the topic – â€Å"Towards Zero- A Systems Approach- Harnessing waste for wealth† Zero waste is a concept that calls for a paradigm shift and views waste as a resource that can be remoulded for usable components and profitable ventures. Speaking on the topic, Mr. Goel talked about the heterogeneity of the MSW and the fact that approximately 60% of it is organic and another 15% recyclable.He said that the low calorific value of Indian MSW can be attributed to its high moisture content. Due to absence of source segregation a total solution to treat mixed waste was warranted in the Indian context. Mr Goel also presented a comparison of various technologies like composting, landfill, incineration and the new concord blue solution on various indicators like emissions, maintenance cost, recovery of energy etc. Elaborating further on the Zero waste, Mr.Goel said that the concept focussed on maximizing the 3-R concept – Reduce, Recycle and Recover as well as ensuring that only true inerts are sent to the landfill. This could be achieved by raising public awareness and involving all concerned agencies including the un-organized sector. An integrated approach towards zero waste that he presented highlighted the need for receipt of waste with minimal storag e along with efficiency in pre-conditioning activities followed by conversion of pre-conditioned waste to energy.An elaboration of Gasification technology apprised the audience about the details of this non-incineration thermal waste to energy solution and its suitability for disposal of mixed solid waste. The process is also environmental friendly since it does not release toxic dioxins and furans due to the plastic present being thermo chemically degraded instead of being burned. Other benefits include the low space requirement, negligible rejects and no storage requirements. Summarizing his presentation, Mr. Goel negated the widely held notion that Indian waste due to its low calorific value based on