American Presidents Who Owned Slaves

American Presidents Who Owned Slaves American presidents have an entangled history with subjugation. Four of the initial five presidents possessed slaves while filling in as president. Of the following five presidents, two claimed slaves while president and two had possessed slaves before throughout everyday life. As late as 1850 an American president was the proprietor of an enormous number of slaves while serving in office. This is a gander at the presidents who claimed slaves. On the whole, its simple to shed the two early presidents who didn't claim slaves, a famous dad and child from Massachusetts: The Early Exceptions John Adams: The second president didn't support of servitude and never claimed slaves. He and his significant other Abigail were affronted when the government moved to the new city of Washington and slaves were constructingâ public structures, including their new habitation, the Executive Mansion (which we currently call the White House). John Quincy Adams: The child of the subsequent president was a long lasting adversary of servitude. Following his single term as president during the 1820s he served in the House of Representatives, where he was frequently a vocal backer for the finish of subjugation. For a considerable length of time Adams struggled against the muffle rule, which forestalled any conversation of subjection on the floor of the House of Representatives. The Early Virginians Four of the initial five presidents were results of a Virginia society in which servitude was a piece of regular daily existence and a significant segment of the economy. So while Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe were totally viewed as nationalists who esteemed freedom, they all underestimated bondage. George Washington: The main president claimed slaves for the vast majority of his life, starting at 11 years old when he acquired ten oppressed homestead laborers upon the passing of his dad. During his grown-up life at Mount Vernon, Washington depended on a fluctuated workforce of oppressed individuals. In 1774, the quantity of slaves at Mount Vernon remained at 119. In 1786, after the Revolutionary War, yet before Washingtons two terms as president, there were in excess of 200 slaves on the estate, including various youngsters. In 1799, after Washingtons residency as president, there were 317 slaves living and working at Mount Vernon. The adjustments in slave populace are somewhat because of Washingtons spouse, Martha, acquiring slaves. In any case, there are likewise reports that Washington bought slaves during that period. For the majority of Washingtons eight years in office the government was based in Philadelphia. To skirt a Pennsylvania law that would give a slave opportunity on the off chance that the person in question lived inside the state for a half year, Washington transported slaves to and fro to Mount Vernon. At the point when Washington passed on his slaves were liberated by an arrangement in his will. In any case, that didn't end subjection at Mount Vernon. His significant other claimed various slaves, which she didn't free for an additional two years. What's more, when Washingtons nephew, Bushrod Washington, acquired Mount Vernon, another populace of slaves lived and chipped away at the estate. Thomas Jefferson: It has been calculatedâ that Jefferson claimed in excess of 600 slaves through an amazing span. At his home, Monticello, there would have as a rule been a subjugated populace of around 100 individuals. The bequest was continued running by slave planters, coopers, nail creators, and even cooks who had been prepared to get ready French food valued by Jefferson. It was broadly supposed that Jeffersonâ had a long-term issue with Sally Hemings, a slave who was the relative of Jeffersons late spouse. James Madison: The fourth president was destined to a slave-possessing family in Virginia. He claimed slaves for an amazing duration. One of his slaves, Paul Jennings, lived in the White House as one of Madisons workers while a young person. Jennings holds an intriguing distinction:â a little book he distributed decades later is viewed as the principal diary of life in the White House. Furthermore, obviously, it could likewise be viewed as a slave story. In A Colored Mans Reminiscences of James Madison, distributed in 1865, Jennings depicted Madison in complimentary terms. Jennings gave insights regarding the scene wherein objects from the White House, including the popular picture of George Washington that hangs in the East Room, were taken from the manor before the British consumed it in August 1814. As indicated by Jennings, crafted by making sure about assets was generally done by the slaves, not by Dolley Madison. James Monroe: Growing up on a Virginia tobacco ranch, James Monroe would have been encircled by slaves who worked the land. He acquired a slave named Ralph from his dad, and as a grown-up, at his own homestead, Highland, he possessed around 30 slaves. Monroe thought colonization, the resettlement of slaves outside the United States, would be the possible answer for the issue of bondage. He had confidence in the crucial American Colonization Society, which was shaped not long before Monroe got to work. The legislative center of Liberia, which was established by American slaves who settled in Africa, was named Monrovia out of appreciation for Monroe. The Jacksonian Era Andrew Jackson: During the four years John Quincy Adams lived in the White House, there were no slaves living on the property. That changed when Andrew Jackson, from Tennessee, got to work in March 1829.â Jackson harboredâ no hesitations about subjugation. His business interests during the 1790s and mid 1800s included slave exchanging, a point later raised by rivals during his political crusades of the 1820s. Jackson previously purchased a slave in 1788, while a youthful legal advisor and land examiner. He kept exchanging slaves, and an impressive piece of his fortune would have been his responsibility for property. At the point when he purchased his manor, The Hermitage, in 1804, he carried nine slaves with him. When he became president, the slave populace, through buy and proliferation, had developed to around 100. Relocating to the Executive Mansion (as the White House was known at that point), Jackson brought family unit slaves from The Hermitage, his domain in Tennessee.â After his two terms in office, Jackson came back to The Hermitage, where he proceeded to possess an enormous populace of slaves. At the hour of his demise Jackson possessed around 150 slaves. Martin Van Buren: As a New Yorker, Van Buren appears to be an improbable slave proprietor. Furthermore, he in the end ran on the ticket of the Free-Soil Party, an ideological group of the late 1840s restricted to the spread of bondage. However servitude had been lawful in New York when Van Buren was growing up, and his dad possessed few slaves. As a grown-up, Van Buren possessed one slave, who got away. Van Buren appears to have put forth no attempt to find him. At the point when he was at last found following ten years and Van Buren was informed, he permitted him to stay free. William Henry Harrison: Though he crusaded in 1840 as a wilderness character who lived in a log lodge, William Henry Harrison was conceived at Berkeley Plantation in Virginia. His hereditary home had been worked by slaves for ages, and Harrison would have experienced childhood in significant extravagance which was upheld by slave work. He acquired slaves from his dad, yet attributable to his specific conditions, he didn't possess slaves for a large portion of his life. As a youthful child of the family, heâ would not acquire the familys land. So Harrison needed to discover a profession, and in the long run chose the military. As military legislative head of Indiana, Harrison looked to make bondage lawful in the region, yet that was contradicted by the Jefferson organization. William Henry Harrisons slave-claiming was a very long time behind him when he was chosen president. What's more, as he passed on in the White House a month subsequent to moving in, he had no effect on the issue of bondage during his concise term in office. John Tyler: The man who became president upon Harrisons demise was a Virginian who had experienced childhood in a general public familiar with bondage, and who possessed slaves while president. Tyler was illustrative of the mystery, or affectation, of somebody who guaranteed that subjugation was underhanded while effectively propagating it. During his time as president he possessed around 70 slaves who chipped away at his home in Virginia. Tylers one term in office was rough and finished in 1845. After fifteen years, he took an interest in endeavors to stay away from the Civil War by arriving at a type of bargain which would have permitted subjection to proceed. After the war started he was chosen for the council of the Confederate States of America, yet he kicked the bucket before he sat down. Tyler has a remarkable qualification in American history: As he was effectively engaged with the resistance of the slave states when he kicked the bucket, he is the main American president whose demise was not seen with legitimate grieving in the countries capital. James K. Polk: The man whose 1844 selection as a dim pony competitor astonished even himself was a slave proprietor from Tennessee. On his home, Polk possessed around 25 slaves. He was viewed as being open minded of subjection, yet not obsessive about the issue (not at all like legislators of the day, for example, South Carolinas John C. Calhoun). That helped Polk secure the Democratic selection when strife over subjugation was starting to majorly affect American legislative issues. Polk didn't live long subsequent to leaving office, he despite everything claimed slaves at the hour of his demise. His slaves were to be liberated when his better half passed on, however occasions, explicitly the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment, intervened to free them some time before his wifes demise decades later. Zachary Taylor: The last president to possess slaves while in office was a profession fighter who had become a national saint in the Mexican War. Zachary Taylor likewise was a rich landowner and he had around 150 slaves. As the issue of sl

Cost Analysis Within The Zara Company Marketing Essay

Cost Analysis Within The Zara Company Marketing Essay Portray how Zara utilizes innovation to improve operational responsiveness to client desires, and simultaneously to decrease costs in specific territories. Zaras primary procedure is to offer a speedy response to end customer requests and foresee shopper slants through data innovation and HR. It works based on substantial in reverse vertical mix, working its way from the end buyer right back to the assembling and dispersion. It guarantees a tight control of creation through basic and viable IT frameworks just as a cutting edge dispersion focus (DC.) It understands cost enhancement on its fundamental things for creation and furthermore time streamlining as far as speed to market of its design things utilizing innovation. Zara adjusted to patterns and contrasts across business sectors by collaborating consistently with the senior supervisors utilizing the PDA and telephone frameworks to get refreshes on client criticism, style sense and so forth. The Point of Sale framework (POS) in the store PCs additionally gave significant deals information to the circulation place which had a versatile following framework that docked balancing article s of clothing in proper bar coded regions. The different pieces of clothing were given Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) and requests were put from the hand-held PCs in the stores two times per week or more, to the dissemination place where if specific things were hard to come by, assignment choices were made based on authentic deals levels and different contemplations. After the requests were endorsed, the distribution center gave records for conveyance to the stores. Zara configuration groups followed client inclinations and utilized deals data, for example, deals investigation, store patterns and item life cycle data from the senior supervisors, in view of an utilization data framework to transmit rehash orders and new structures to inside/outer providers and the DC. The structure groups in this way spanned promoting and the backend of the creation procedure and they built up the correct items inside the season to satisfy buyer needs. Zaras item advancement groups went to high form toll s and displays to interpret the most recent occasional patterns into the plans. Subsequently, a too quick pace of operational responsiveness to clients was kept up and the DC was to a greater extent a spot to stock than just for capacity. Innovation likewise helped monitor Zaras costs. By utilizing the POS frameworks in store PCs, handheld PDA gadgets for head supervisors and telephone frameworks, precise data with respect to orders required were transmitted to the DC. The SKUs guaranteed precision as far as which items should have been delivered and in what amounts and the DCs could utilize this data and criticism from the structure groups to make requests of the correct amount of every sort of item. In this way, stock expenses were low, runs were constrained and creation costs were kept up at truly sensible levels disregarding the huge number of new things that are consistently delivered. Zaras manufacturing plants were additionally intensely computerized, concentrated by piece of clothing type and concentrated on the capital serious pieces of the creation procedure, similar to design structure and cutting just as conclusive completing and investigation. A Just-in-time framework was introduced as a team with Toyota in these production lines and this aided in quicker consummation of work and controlling of expenses through persistent improvement forms. The board Information System innovation assumes a urgent job in Zaras client responsiveness and cost control measures. From what you find for the situation, does Zara cost to advertise or based on different elements? Zara consistently followed a market based valuing strategy. In every nation, Zara constantly positioned more spotlight available costs (neighborhood estimating levels) instead of on its own expenses to conjecture costs of things specifically advertises. These conjectures were later overlaid on quotes that incorporated all contemplations, for example, separation, taxes, and burdens, etc to see whether the potential market could accomplish gainfulness in a year or two of opening the principal store. Zara followed an alternate estimating technique in every nation, for instance, in Italy and Paris the center was greater quality situated thus the cost of similar things were a lot higher, be that as it may, in Germany where purchasers are value touchy the things were lesser evaluated. This figured in the distinctive promoting methodology followed in every nation. Zara controlled its expenses through its creation and dispersion forms and was situated in numerous nations as high style at rea sonable costs which however were halfway decided, much lower than contender costs for tantamount items in its significant markets. Rate edges despite everything held up, this was conceivable on account of the immediate efficiencies of short, vertically coordinated flexibly chain, diminished promoting costs, and markdown prerequisites. In this way Zara contended at sensible costs through a cost initiative technique, finishing Porters nonexclusive system through separated items and wide division. Zaras clients in numerous nations bore the additional expenses of providing the things from Spain however the costs were showcase based, for instance, costs were 40% higher in Northern Europe and 70% higher in the Americas than in Spain. This could be seen on the pieces of clothing sticker price which was a map book to the clients. These more significant expenses outside Spain influenced Zaras situating abroad as top of the line rather than mid market run items to all the more likely approve the value contrasts. Like in Mexico where the objective purchaser base is restricted, it is outfitted towards the upper and white collar class that knows style. In addition, as in Europe, the counterfeit shortage that Zara makes of its items in its stores encourage the clients to follow through on the cost and purchase instead of endure it. Markdowns are exceptionally low for Zara in Europe and somewhere else, 15-20% of its deals when contrasted with 30-40% for its European companions. Zara doesn 't totally contend on premise of cost as the standard Zara client isn't excessively value delicate; rather, it contends on style and its snappy reaction ability. Zara (2010) has quite recently propelled an on-line, e-retail dispersion service.â Â For an attire retailer what are the points of interest and drawbacks of online distribution?â Can Zara make it work? Inditex has since quite a while ago utilized the web to advance its different lines and corporate picture and is additionally well known on Facebook, where it has 4.5m fans. Its Smartphone application, propelled about a year prior, has been downloaded by 2m individuals. Zara can without much of a stretch make its online e-retail appropriation administration work effectively. Commonality with the Zara stores hence gives name acknowledgment to the online retail webpage, and the blend of client information assembled by the store and the online retail website (through Google Analytics, for instance) could prompt considerable customized promoting endeavors, utilizing different channels. With Zaras strategy of a lean publicizing financial plan, an online retail entry will include extraordinarily as far as marking and mindfulness. Zara had at first chosen not to sell garments on the web since the profits rates were excessively high. Be that as it may, as of September 2010, Inditex put Zara marked items online for its clients, trusting that online interest will fabricate. Clients can look over the standard scope of paying techniques and select either for a free store get or paid-for postal conveyance. The online return and trade approach is indistinguishable from the store framework, with customers given 30 days to alter their perspectives. iPhone and iPad applications that permitted buying will before long be accessible and online deals will help Zara arrive at potential clients who have no simple access to physical stores. For a clothing retailer, the upsides of online appropriation would give accommodation to the customers to purchase from the solace of their home, save money on movement time and costs and have simple access to the items. Clients will have 24 hour access to the shopping stage on the web and settle on better purchasing choices through online visit and conversation. Scientists distinguish accommodation as a basic goal identified with web based shopping (Schaupp Belanger, 2005). This is pertinent to 72% of online customers guarantee that they would prefer to ride online than go to retail location to accomplish data about an item (Lokken et al., 2003). Expenses on HR (Vendors, shop partners, chiefs) can be spared by the retailer and clients can settle on loosened up shrewd purchase choices without pressure from sellers. Endless rack space will be accessible in that, items accessible at all store areas and around the globe without topographical limits, to the clients to look over. Correlat ion shopping as far as styles and costs will be simpler on the online entryway than in the store for the shopper. Boston Consulting Group experts Evans and Wurster estimate that the three principle key draws of online retail are reach, alliance and wealth. Reach is characterized as access and association: what number of clients a business can access and what number of items it can offer. In addition, a retailers scope of item contributions was generally restricted by the size of its stores and the expense of conveying stock while online retailers as go-betweens among clients and providers need not really have a stock by any means, just an inventory, frequently straightforward to the client. Association alludes to whose interests are spoken to by the online retailer who can treat the items from their different merchants all the more dispassionately, giving increasingly target data and better item correlations for their clients. Lavishness alludes to the profundity and detail of data, about items and about clients. Evans and Wurster contend that conventional retailers despite everything are at a b it of leeway to flexibly master data about items to their clients, and that they likewise are still in a superior situation to assemble informa

Carson City

Carson City Carson City, city (1990 pop. 40,443), state capital, W Nev., in the Eagle valley; inc. 1875. The city is a trade center for a mining and agricultural area. State government is the major employer, and tourism is economically important. The city was laid out in 1858 on the site of Eagle Station, a trading post established (1851) on the immigrant trail from Salt Lake City to California. A supply station for miners in the valley, it achieved importance with the discovery (1859) of the Comstock Lode and became the terminus of the railroad carrying ore. In 1861, when the Territory of Nevada was created, the city was made the capital, and in 1864 it became the state capital. Carson City and Ormsby co. were consolidated into one community in 1969. A U.S. mint, closed in 1893, is now the Nevada State Museum. Lake Tahoe and the Carson River are nearby. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia ar ticles on: U.S. Political Geography

Themes in the Writing of Edgar Allan Poe that Mirror his...

This essay will discuss the themes in Poe’s writing that mirror his personal life and, in addition, the fear and supernatural motivators for his characters. First, I will discuss Poe’s background and explore how he became best known as a poet for his tales of mystery and macabre. In retrospect he was born January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father an actor abandoned the family when he was one years old and his mother an actress died of tuberculosis when 2 yrs old. His foster parents cared for him as a young child and their last names were Allan. This is where his full name Edgar Allan Poe comes from. When he was in college he wrote all of his walls and came of gloomy and depressed to some classmates. He removed his self from†¦show more content†¦It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore.† In other words, Poe is asking if he will ever again be able to his wife. From a depressed person talking about another depressed person, eve rything takes on different meaning when someone is depressed. Pictures, places, smells, sounds, voices of loved ones; they all remind us constantly of what was lost and will never be found again. It feels like random occurrences happened just to remind, torture us of the pain. The narrator heard the raven say â€Å"nevermore† frequently and interpreted it differently until he settled on the belief that it was referring to Lenore. Perhaps the â€Å"raven† symbolizes how Poe must deal with the day to day realities of someone suffering a great loss. In the poem the â€Å"Black Cat† the story is a symbol about Poe’s alcoholism and how you can feel like a completely different person, the more you drink the less and less the person who you truly are get pushed farther backed. 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Edgar became an orphan before the age of three years, when his mother died on December 8, 1811 in Richmond, Virginia at the age of twenty-four years. His father died at the age of twenty-seven years old. After his mother’sRead MoreSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 PagesElements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are considered masters of American gothic fiction. They used similar gothic elements in their writing and used it to build up a sense of impending doom. Even today numerous readers enjoy, study, and discuss the gothic elements both utilized in their work. Gothic writing is a style that is concerned with the dark side of society, an evil that lies within the self. 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The Great Gatsby - 891 Words

Rolling Twenties Brother The era known as the Roaring Twenties was a time of immense joy, opportunity and prosperity. Unfortunately, the 1920’s was also a period where greed, corruption and organized crime took a firm foothold. The exuberant happiness of the time was only trumped by its gap between the rich and the poor. The novel shows the true face of the so-called Age of Wonderful Nonsense with the writer’s own personal conflict. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s groundbreaking novel The Great Gatsby has stood the test of time with its messages of how corruption, extravagance, and overindulgence can destroy people’s lives and relationships. Egotism can overtake the minds of virtually anyone who attempts to gain status and wealth. The gift of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"When I came home to West Egg that night I was afraid for a moment my house was on fire†¦. Turning a corner, I saw that it was Gatsby’s house, lit from tower to cellar† (Fit zgerald 81). This was a time of immense overcompensation and, for lack of a better word, showing off. To quote the infamous movie Scarface, â€Å"Nothing exceeds like excess, you should know that Tony† (Scarface). This was none more apparent than within the pages of The Great Gatsby. Many novels have attempted to divulge the inner depths of the era known as the Roaring Twenties, but few have had such a profound look into the wild time like F. Scott Fitzgerald. As can be seen, the characters within The Great Gatsby brought their own demise upon themselves by allowing themselves to be swept away by the passions and desires. The tale of the man known as Gatsby has shown its readers how corruption, overindulgence and extravagance can wreak havoc upon an individual’s morals and values. The world should take heed of these vices and the dangers that follow them, before they begin their own destruction. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 1925. Scarface. Dir. Brian De Palma. Perf. Al Pacino, Steven Bauer, and Michelle Pfieffer. Universal Universal Pictures, 1983. Staton, Richard. â€Å"The USA in the Roaring Twenties’.(Improve Your Grade!).† Hindsight 13.2 (Jan 2003): 28(4). Student Resource Center-Bronze. Gale. Castle High School. 6 Feb.Show MoreRelated Great Gatsby1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s extravagant parties. He arrives only to find he doesn’t know where Gatsby is, and then he runs into Jordan Baker. Together they set off to find Gatsby and they head to the library where they find â€Å"Owl Eyes†, a drunken man trying to get sober. After talking to â€Å"Owl Eyes† for awhile they head outside again where Nick unknowingly starts a conversation with Gatsby. After revealing himself, Gatsby tells Jordan that he would like to speakRead MoreThe Great Gatsby1168 Words   |  5 Pagesone must be born into it. 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Although this novel tells a fictional tale, it also gives readers a window into the social and economic environment of America in the time period following World War I. For this reason, The Great Gatsby is considered one of the most important examples of Modernism in American literature. The Modernist themes in this novel come

Book Review War! What Is It Good For Free Essays

Putting 100 years in respective and compare the 100, 200 million people died from a population of 10 billion which makes a percentage of 1 to 2 who died violently. Those born in the 20th century are lucky as the average of violent death is 10 times less compare to those born in Stone Age. This text has one of the greatest paradoxes of human history as it states that war has made the world much safer now. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Review: War! What Is It Good For? or any similar topic only for you Order Now War Is considered as a massive murder and claiming that it has a positive consequence In not right, but the author argues to It as the philosopher Thomas Hobbes once concluded the same In the 1640 urine the English Call war. Archeology has shown that people has been killing themselves for about 50000 years and their population Just Increase by twice but during the Ice age 10000 BC where there were less wars, the plant and animal multiplied themselves at a very high rate. Before 10000 BC all humans had been hunters and after 10000 BC human started farming. Later something unusual happen, the stronger started to include the weaker into larger societies. Slowly from Egypt to Peru many were adopting this method. The stronger understood that to cake lager societies they need to make a stronger government and this was done by suppressing violence among the subjects. Those who govern stop killing the well behaved as they are easier to govern and taxed that those who are violent thus, this has resulted into a 90% decrease in violent death. It Is true that not all government is good at delivering peace. Dictators Like Heelers, Stall’s, Mass and Did Malls, tend to shoot, stave and gas a lot of people to make things done. Thus war has made states and states have made peace. War may not be a pleasant way of making larger and useful societies but it was the only way that human have found. The author argues that if conflicts could have been argued and resolved by discussion, human could have greatly benefited from it. The author added that people uses war as a way to make government. The larger and safer the societies the richer the government. Peace can result in economical growth. So in a way war has enriched the world. The author concluded that somehow war has been beneficial as it has brought bigger societies, stronger government and bring peace and prosperity in the societies. Nowadays, people live twice as those in 10000 years before. War has not Just bring peace and wealth but also made us good at fight more efficiently organized and bigger destructive weapons. Book Review: War! What Is It Good For? By perplex The atrocity of war cannot be overstated but, Ian Morris gives a different view about it. In 1945, mostly 100 million people died and the nuclear war begun. Between the First World War and civil war it is said to be the worst but also the best time of states that war has made the world much safer now. War is considered as a massive ruder and claiming that it has a positive consequence in not right, but the author argues to it as the philosopher Thomas Hobbes once concluded the same in the 1640 during the English Civil war. Archeology has shown that people has been killing themselves for about 50000 years and their population Just increase by twice but during the ice age 10000 BC where there were less wars, the plant and animal has resulted into a 90% decrease in violent death. It is true that not all government is good at delivering peace. Dictators like Hitless, Stalin, Mass and Did Mains, tend to How to cite Book Review: War! What Is It Good For?, Papers

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber Essay Example

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber Paper Three’s a Crowd â€Å"We have nothing to fear, but fear itself. † Known by many, this common phrase has few words, but a intense meaning. In Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† the overcoming of fear is shown throughout the story. Francis Macomber and his wife Margaret Macomber are on an African safari with a man name Robert Wilson. Hemingway portrays Francis Macomber as wealthy and beautiful, yet cowardly. Macombers wife Margaret also young and beautiful, but seemingly dissatisfied with her husband of eleven years. Robert Wilson is portrayed as a fearless man that has little regard for anyone but himself. The story is focused around Francis Macomber’s cowardly actions and his attempt to become courageous, which inevitably leads to his death. The story contains different types of conflict and rising actions that lead to the unforeseen climax. In Hemingway’s short story, there are several types of conflict portrayed by the main character Francis Macomber. The initial conflict is Macomber with himself, suggesting an internal conflict. This is shown as Macomber is disappointed with himself for acting cowardly on his first encounter with a lion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Macomber says to Wilson, â€Å"I can’t thank you for what you did†, and admits that he â€Å"bolted like a rabbit. † His words suggest Macomber was afraid, and needed to be saved by Wilson. The next conflict in the story is Macomber’s conflict with the wild. This is portrayed as Macomber struggles with his fear of wild animals and his attempt to overcome those fears. Another conflict is the obvious conflict Macomber has with Robert Wilson. In addition to feeling inadequate against Wilson’s many talents in the wild, there is also the fact Wilson beds Macomber’s wife. Lastly, there is the conflict Macomber has with his wife. This is portrayed throughout the story but becomes more relevant when Macomber’s wife sleeps with Wilson. Macomber says, â€Å"You said if we made this trip there would be none of that, you promise. † This leads the reader to believe the Macomber’s marriage is less than perfect, and likely an ongoing conflict. In addition to the conflict in the story, there are scenes of rising action. One example of rising action occurs when Wilson and Macomber return to the wild to hunt for a lion once again. Macomber is able to get a shot off but only able to wound the lion before it runs away. As Wilson and Macomber search for the wounded lion to finish it off, he inevitably runs away frightened for a second time. Hemingway writes Macomber, â€Å"was running; running wildly, in panic in the open, running toward the stream. † As a result of this instance, Macomber’s wife takes a thriving interest in Wilson. Hemingway writes, â€Å"Once he had reached over to take his wife’s hand . . . she had removed her hand from his . . . his wife had reached forward and put her hand on Wilson’s shoulder . . . and kissed him on the mouth. Later, Macomber’s wife sleeps with Wilson, which will completely change Macomber’s persona for the rest of the story. Macomber is so overcome with anger, his character quickly changes from cowardly to courageous. Finally, the conflict and the rising action of Hemingway’s story leads to the climax. This occurs when Wils on, Macomber, and his wife take their final journey into the wild. As a result of the sheer anger Macomber has for Wilson and his wife, his fear is drowned by adrenaline. Macomber instantly takes on the characteristics of Wilson as he takes out two buffalo on the journey. At this point, Wilson respects this new persona of Macomber, while Margaret seems intimidated. With all fear aside, Macomber sets up for his final kill, head on with the third buffalo charging right for him. Just when he feels invincible, his wife Margot pulls a riffle and kills her husband. Margaret pleads she was trying to save her husband’s life from the charging buffalo. However, it is assumed in Hemingway’s story that the young wife, intimidated by her husband’s new found courage, may have been aiming for Macomber all along. In conclusion, Hemingway’s story â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,† has different conflicts and scene of rising action which lead to an outstanding climax. The multiple conflicts Macomber has with himself, nature, and man leads to a shown fear of the wild, and his inadequacies. These events lead to the unforeseen climax of the story where the actions of both Macomber and his wife are questioned. Although Macomber’s life was in fact short in years, it was indeed happy as he was able to face his fears and overcome his biggest obstacles. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber. † Web. 6 March 2011.

Environmental Sustainability essays

Environmental Sustainability essays There are many ways to define sustainability and to answer the question of whether we live in a sustainable society you should first define the question. The simplest definition of what a sustainable society is still very complex. A society that can persist over generations, one that is farseeing enough, flexible enough, and wise enough not to undermine either its physical or its social systems of support (Hubbard, 1996). Other sources label the question as an environmentally sustainable society that satisfies the basic needs of its people without depleting or degrading its natural resources and thereby preventing current and future generations of humans and other species from meeting their basic needs (Answers.com). Many people have struggled to define sustainability and sustainable communities. Trying to define sustainability is like trying to define democracy, justice and other important principles that guide our society. On a global setting this task of creating a sustainable society should be the first thing each government around the world addresses, however, in most cases this subject is far too low on the list of priorities. This economic boom we have witnessed the past decade was the results of a generation that pushed for economic growth as a means to improving humanity's condition, now the world realizes that economic development is pointless if it destroys its environmental base that fuels it. The start of economic development created factories, automobiles, and waste that pollutes the world's air, water, and soil, decimates forest and natural resources, and creates toxic wastes and overflowing landfills. Our government has already seen the importance of protecting select areas from this type of economic growth and has made millions of acres of land protected from any development. The world is finding out quickly that if we continue with the same approaches that created these problems then we will have envi...

Writing an Email at College. Basic Rules

Writing an Email at College. Basic Rules Email Etiquette For Students The times, when you needed to talk to your professor face-to-face, discussing details of the assignment or asking for a piece of advice, have long gone! Now you can simply send an email and reach your professor in a blink of an eye (of course if he allows). In order to avoid misunderstandings and awkward situations, it is important to know the peculiarities of email etiquette. To simplify the process, we have collected the best tips for students of all academic levels and background. Just use them and become an email guru. To Send or Not to Send? Situations, when you can email the tutor or other college staff: You have faced an urgent problem, which should be solved without delays but the receiver is not in the office; You have a solid excuse for not attending the office in person. For example, you are out of town or ill; The question is very simple and requires a very brief answer; Your assignment can be sent via email. When you shouldn’t email your tutor or college staff: The problem is too difficult to be solved via email; Delivering assignment to the tutor, who made it clear that he doesn’t want to receive an electronic version of the paper; Asking for prolongation of the assignment; The topic of the letter is time-consuming and requires quite a long conversation. Appropriate Email Address If you want to get in touch with your professor, it is necessary to use a college email (if you have it) or make sure that your address is professional and appropriate if you are using another email provider. This will prevent you from feeling awkward, because contacting a tutor, using an email like [emailprotected] may is not the best idea. If your email address consists only of initials, you need to identify your personality in the letter. If your class is really big, you also need to specify details of the division and class to make sure the professor knows the sender. For example, this is Anna Kent from Chemistry class 9.30 – 10.30, division 002. Always Use the Subject Line Never neglect to fill in the subject line, as you will surely seem unprofessional. Writing an email, you need to make sure the subject line contains all the information on what your letter is about. If you don’t fill in this section, your email may end up in a spam folder. The system will simply recognize it as a random content and will find it not relevant. Contact Your Tutor Directly Instead of immediately starting the letter with your request, it is better to show your respect and set a professional tone for the whole email. Start your letter with ‘Dear Dr. Jones’ or ‘Good morning Dr. Richards.’ Be Polite Not depending on the reasons why you are writing the letter to your tutor, you must remain polite and calm. Never demand anything, don’t accuse your professor and don’t forget to use words like please or thank you. When working on the email, stick to professional academic style. Instead of slang, use a broader vocabulary. Remain Specific You need to remember that there are thousands of students in your school or college, so it is entirely possible that your professor gets tens or even hundreds of letters every day. He doesn’t have much time reading long and confusing emails, so it is important to make your letter brief and straight to the point. Make sure you concentrate on a single subject without any confusing details and irrelevant topics. Remain Positive It is quite easy to be wrongly interpreted, especially when you are sending an email and not talking face-to-face. That is why you should avoid using negative words and expressions not to seem depressed, scared or blaming professor for something. However, emoticons, smiley faces or winks are not appropriate if you are sending an email to your tutor or college staff. Mention Attached Files Most likely your tutor will open the attachment either way, but it will still be more professional to indicate what you have attached. Include the name of the file, its format and program’s version to the description. For example, It is attached: ‘Mr.SmithEssay.doc.’ This file is in MS Word 2016. The best format to send your attachment is PDF, which is compatible not depending on the operating system your professor uses. Letters of Problems and Complains Ideally, all of the negative aspects should be addressed during a personal meeting. However, if the problem can’t wait and your tutor is not in the office, you can write an email being very careful and attentive. Remember that you shouldn’t write the letter when you are angry, so before pressing the send button and regretting afterward, try to take some time to cool down. Proper Ending Never press the ‘send’ button right after writing the last sentence of your request. To make sure that your email is professional and appropriate, you should always end it in a respectful manner. Use such ending, as Thank you, Kind regards, Respectfully, Sincerely and add your full name. Every email provider has a Signature feature in the setting menu, where you can enter the text, which will be added automatically to every letter. For example: Sincerely, Amanda Boyle Proofreading and Editing Before sending your letter, make sure you reread it a few times to eliminate grammar and spelling mistakes. Your email must be academic and professional, and not as if you were sending funny puppy videos to your classmates. Once again check whether your email consists of full sentences contains no slang and abbreviations. When your email is edited, you can hit the send button. To establish and maintain positive relationships with your tutor and college staff, you need to pay careful attention to the etiquette, when writing emails. Mentioned above tips will surely help you with creating a professional, polite and specific email to reach any goal you may have.

Comparative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Comparative Analysis - Essay Example In Genesis 2, God created heavens and earth. In addition, after creating the land, God made it grow tree out of it in order to make it pleasant, and created rivers passing through it. Then, God created man to till the land (Genesis 1 and 2). The Mongolian creation story revolves around a father and two sons who lived in the world, which by then was made of the upper and under world and covered by water all over. The two boys decided to create dry land using mud then later created animals to stay on that land including the dog that first had very smooth skin, which could talk. The American Mayan creation theory talks of existence of two gods before the world attained its true form. These were the Maker and the Feathered Spirit who lived in utmost darkness, except for their glittering features. Consequently, the two gods collectively created the world and things in it, which happened instantly according to their thoughts. Darwin’s theory on the origin of species is another creat ion theory is based on the idea of variation. It argues that the many characteristics and adaptations that differentiate different species of organisms is an indication of possible evolution of species over time, which continually diverged. These creation stories reveal that there are two sides to creation, that is, naturalists vs. evolutionists. Contrary to what naturalists suggest, species are not created independently, neither are they immutable. Nevertheless, all these stories differ on how species developed into their current complex forms, but they are reconcilable in the fact that they share a common ground that creation started from an existing being or object ignited by some supernatural power. According to Genesis 1 story of creation, first there was heaven and earth, which was void without any form. Then God said, â€Å"Let there be light: and there was light† (Genesis 1),

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Financial Management - Essay Example This paper aims to explore the importance of managing foreign exchange risks as well as the methods of managing it that most multinational companies employ. Also, by analysing the practices of two companies when it comes to managing foreign exchange risks in line with good academic practices, certain recommendations with regard to risk management practices for a fast-growing listed company in the UK can be proposed in the process. In this age of globalisation, many companies conduct businesses in countries other than their own. With opportunities in new markets come various types of risks—business risks, macro environmental risks, as well as foreign exchange risks (Pattichis et al. 2004). When a company conducts a business outside the country where it is based, the company is said to be exposed to some foreign exchange risks, where the fluctuations in the differences between the home countrys currency and the host countrys currency may result in adverse impacts in the companys income from international operations, as well as its balance sheet. Companies need to protect themselves from these risks; a drastic change in the exchange rate between the home countrys currency and that of the host country can result in significant gains or losses (Nazarboland 2003). Aside from this, those which are otherwise very profitable international ventures of the company, due to fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate, may seem to be a losing business. For companies that have significant foreign direct investments across the globe, in order to assess more accurately the performance of their international subsidiaries, managing the foreign exchange risk is very important (Collier et al. 1990). Also, these differences will have a significant effect on the parent companys reported earnings as well. When companies have investments outside their home countries, these investments are usually exposed to foreign

The Truth Behind the Bus :: Buena Vista University Drinking Alcohol Essays

The Truth Behind the Bus There are many controversial issues concerning the bus service provided by Buena Vista University. BVU Rides, commonly known as the â€Å"Drunk Bus,† receives great reviews from the students using it at Buena Vista. However, members of the Storm Lake community are not as appreciative of this service. It is important, nonetheless, that people learn facts about BVU Rides in order to make an educated judgment. According to Behind the Arch, an essay compiled by students of Buena Vista University about the drinking issues within the university, citizens of Storm Lake feel that the â€Å"Drunk Bus† endorses drinking and drunkenness. The bus does in fact give students a chance to drink without being worried about a way back to their rooms. Some students who would not normally drink because of not having a ride are now able to drink without worrying about a designated driver. The bus system does facilitate ways for students to be able to drink. However, not only is the bus system sending a message to students that they can drink and not be worried about a way back to campus, but it also sends many other positive messages. The Storm Lake Community Believes: Getting Rid of the Bus will make a Statement that Drinking is not Acceptable and will Encourage Students to Abstain from Drinking One factor that Storm Lake citizens need to consider is that no matter what, there will be college students who drink. Not only are some of the students that use this service of age to drink, but it is likely that eliminating BVU Rides will not deter college students of any age from drinking. With there being a good chance of students out drinking, there has to be a way to get them back to their dorms. If Buena Vista were to take away the BVU Rides program, students who drink would not have a safe ride home. This would leave some students thinking that their only way of getting home would be to drive while under the influence. BVU Rides Allows Students to Get Drunk and Become Irresponsible Safety is a major concern when it comes to drinking. Drinkers are often reminded of this with billboards and commercial ads that tell them to â€Å"drink responsibly.† The Storm Lake community is also concerned about safety for themselves and students when it comes to student drinking.

Hamlet and Audience

?How does Hamlet present both an outward and inward conflict? Although Hamlet's flaws, melancholy, and pretended madness all lead to his inevitable downfall, the inward and outward conflicts of Man vs. Self, Man vs. Man and Man vs. Society (which arouse from Hamlet's acts of revenge for his father's death) ultimately play a key role as they are what trigger him to make most of the actions he commits which leads to the tragic downfall in Hamlet.I believe Shakespeare uses the character of Hamlet to present how one can become imprisoned by his own moral obligations and uncertainty in what he believes is right or wrong. Action and dramatic development within the play are both reliant on Hamlet’s internal conflict; whether he should avenge his father’s death, and even given the weighted responsibilities tied to the act, if he should instead take his own life. He is often lost within his own contemplations, and consequently procrastinates in taking action until he believes he knows all of the facts.The dramatic form allows Hamlet to open up to the audience in the form of soliloquies: â€Å"to be, or not to be- that is the question; whether it is nobler in the mind to suffer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  -Hamlet is torn between facing his harsh realities and simply giving in; therefore suggesting life itself is an internal battle, which can either be won or lost. However, outward conflicts such as religious obligations add to Hamlet’s uncertainty about what is right and wrong- i. e. a Christian will be damned if he/she commits suicide.Conflict is also presented in the play by differentiation of illusion and reality; Hamlet must define what separates truth from its superficial representations. For example, many of the characters are superficial and have different motives behind what they say. At the very beginning of the play the concept of illusion becomes apparent, as I believe Shakespeare uses the ghost of King Hamlet as a representation of illusion and realit y- i. e. is the ghost really there? Hamlet has to discern if the supernatural encounter is real or merely a product of his imagination.In Shakespearean time, a ghost represented a person caught between life and death due to unfinished business- using this theory I believe that Shakespeare uses the ghost to symbolise how one can become imprisoned by his own internal struggles. Another central inward conflict is Hamlet’s procrastination to act out his revenge on Claudius. This, together with Hamlet’s internal struggle to differentiate between illusion and reality, allows the audience to be empathetically concerned for Hamlet and side with him during physical conflict he encounters with other characters.I believe the outward conflict is therefore driven by Hamlet’s inward conflict and acts as a source of movement and drama in the play, as well as acting as a connection between the audience and Hamlet. The central conflict between Hamlet and Claudius begins internal ly, yet escalates to an external and physical conflict of pure hatred for one another that ultimately results in not only the loss of their own lives, but many of those around them: â€Å"No place, indeed, should murder sanctuaries, revenge should have no bounds†.This level of violence is an example of outward conflict as a means of expression, it provides a tangible connection with the emotions felt by those involved and the audience. This was particularly true for Elizabethan audiences who apparently enjoyed and responded well to violence. Outward conflict is generally carried out by manipulation of others throughout the play and is represented by words acting as poison being poured through the ears of others- a metaphor carried on from the act of Claudius poisoning the old King Hamlet.One can therefore argue that it is the manipulation of others that is the main source of conflict in Hamlet, rather than an internal conflict. As the play unfolds and becomes more dramatic, H amlet appears increasingly more mad, this structural idea suggests that as the drama increases, the more infested Hamlet is with his own internal problems and is therefore driven to perform rash actions (such as killing Polonius) by his own doings. The irregularities of action throughout the play represent Hamlet’s uncertainty and procrastination, as it prevents the play from advancing at a quick speed.In addition, I believe Shakespeare uses a ‘play within a play’ (the Mouse Trap) to emphasise the idea of imprisonment within one’s self. Using this idea however, another interpretation would be that Shakespeare is suggesting that it is Hamlet’s surroundings that are what drives his internal conflict, as he can’t escape the people of Denmark- he is the ‘play within the play’: â€Å"Denmark’s a prison†- this suggests that conflict stems from a situational crisis.Despite the fact that audiences may in some cases respond more to the physicality of outward conflict, the response itself as well as the outcomes, are really driven by internal struggle. The drama of the play is reliant on Hamlet’s procrastination to kill Claudius, along with his inability to discern illusion from reality and right from wrong. He is therfore blinded from reason, and part of his growth as a character is based on his ultimate resolution and fulfilment of these internal struggles.Furthermore he is finally able to resolve his external conflict with Claudius by avenging his father’s death. As an audience member, one is drawn in by Hamlet’s sensitivities and internal problems and is therefore able to empathise with and feel the impact of his final display of outward conflict with Claudius and Laertes. So to conclude, I believe without Hamlet’s internal struggle, the final and most dramatic scenes of the play would be far less powerful, and the play would perhaps have been a tragedy that fell short of a satisfying resolution.

Overview of the Sri Lankan Civil War

In the late 20th century, the island nation of Sri Lanka tore itself apart in a brutal civil war. At the most basic level, the conflict arose from the ethnic tension between Sinhalese and Tamil citizens. In reality, though, the causes were much more complex and arose in large part because of Sri Lankas colonial history. Background Great Britain ruled Sri Lanka—then called Ceylon—from 1815 to 1948. When the British arrived, the country was dominated by Sinhalese speakers whose ancestors likely arrived on the island from India in the 500s BCE. Sri Lankan people seem to have been in contact with Tamil speakers from southern India since at least the second century BCE, but migrations of significant numbers of Tamils to the island appear to have taken place later, between the seventh and 11th centuries CE. In 1815, the population of Ceylon numbered about three million predominantly Buddhist Sinhalese and 300,000 mostly Hindu Tamils. The British established huge cash crop plantations on the island, first of coffee, and later of rubber and tea. Colonial officials brought in approximately a million Tamil speakers from India to work as plantation laborers. The British also established schools in the northern, Tamil-majority part of the colony, and preferentially appointed Tamils to bureaucratic positions, angering the Sinhalese majority. This was a common divide-and-rule tactic in European colonies that had troubling results in the post-colonial era in places such as Rwanda and Sudan. Civil War Erupts The British granted Ceylon independence in 1948. The Sinhalese majority immediately began to pass laws that discriminated against Tamils, particularly the Indian Tamils brought to the island by the British. They made Sinhalese the official language, driving Tamils out of the civil service. The Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 effectively barred Indian Tamils from holding citizenship, making stateless people out of some 700,000. This was not remedied until 2003, and anger over such measures fueled the bloody rioting that broke out repeatedly in the following years. After decades of increasing ethnic tension, the war began as a low-level insurgency in July 1983. Ethnic riots broke out in Colombo and other cities.  Tamil Tiger insurgents killed 13 army soldiers, prompting violent reprisals against Tamil civilians by their Sinhalese neighbors across the country. Between 2,500 and 3,000 Tamils likely died, and many thousands more fled to Tamil-majority regions. The Tamil Tigers declared the First Eelam War (1983-87) with the aim of creating a separate Tamil state in northern Sri Lanka called Eelam. Much of the fighting was directed initially at other Tamil factions; the Tigers massacred their opponents and consolidated power over the separatist movement by 1986. At the outbreak of the war, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India offered to mediate a settlement. However, the Sri Lankan government distrusted her motivations, and it was later shown that her government was arming and training Tamil guerrillas in camps in southern India. Relations between the Sri Lankan government and India deteriorated, as Sri Lankan coast guards seized Indian fishing boats to search for weapons. Over the next few years, violence escalated as the Tamil insurgents used car bombs, suitcase bombs, and landmines against Sinhalese military and civilian targets. The quickly-expanding Sri Lankan army responded by rounding up Tamil youths and torturing and disappearing them. India Intervenes In 1987, Indias Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, decided to directly intervene in the Sri Lankan Civil War by sending peacekeepers. India was concerned about separatism in its own Tamil region, Tamil Nadu, as well as a potential flood of refugees from Sri Lanka. The peacekeepers mission was to disarm militants on both sides, in preparation for peace talks. The Indian peacekeeping force of 100,000 troops not only was unable to quell the conflict, it actually began fighting with the Tamil Tigers. The Tigers refused to disarm, sent female bombers and child soldiers to attack the Indians, and relations escalated into running skirmishes between the peacekeeping troops and the Tamil guerrillas. In May 1990, Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa forced India to recall its peacekeepers; 1,200 Indian soldiers had died battling the insurgents. The following year, a female Tamil suicide bomber named Thenmozhi Rajaratnam assassinated Rajiv Gandhi at an election rally. President Premadasa would die in a similar attack in May 1993. Second Eelam War After the peacekeepers withdrew, the Sri Lankan Civil War entered an even bloodier phase, which the Tamil Tigers named the Second Eelam War.  It began when the Tigers seized between 600 and 700 Sinhalese police officers in the Eastern Province on June 11, 1990, in an effort to weaken government control there. The police laid down their weapons and surrendered to the militants after the Tigers promised no harm would come to them. However, the militants took the policemen into the jungle, forced them to kneel, and shot them all dead, one by one. A week later, the Sri Lankan Minister of Defense announced, From now on, it is all out war. The government cut off all shipments of medicine and food to the Tamil stronghold on the Jaffna peninsula  and initiated an intensive aerial bombardment. The Tigers responded with massacres of hundreds of Sinhalese and Muslim villagers. Muslim self-defense units and government troops conducted tit-for-tat massacres in Tamil villages. The government also massacred Sinhalese school children in Sooriyakanda and buried the bodies in a mass grave, because the town was a base for the Sinhala splinter group known as the JVP. In July 1991, 5,000 Tamil Tigers surrounded the governments army base at Elephant Pass, laying siege to it for a month. The pass is a bottleneck leading to the Jaffna Peninsula, a key strategic point in the region. Some 10,000 government troops raised the siege after four weeks, but over 2,000 fighters on both sides had been killed, making this the bloodiest battle in the entire civil war. Although they held this chokepoint, government troops could not capture Jaffna itself despite repeated assaults in 1992-93. Third Eelam War January 1995 saw the Tamil Tigers sign a peace agreement with the new government of President Chandrika Kumaratunga. However, three months later the Tigers planted explosives on two Sri Lankan naval gunboats, destroying the ships and the peace accord. The government responded by declaring a war for peace, in which Air Force jets pounded civilian sites and refugee camps on the Jaffna Peninsula, while ground troops perpetrated a number of massacres against civilians in Tampalakamam, Kumarapuram, and elsewhere. By December 1995, the peninsula was under government control for the first time since the war began. Some 350,000 Tamil refugees and the Tiger guerrillas fled inland to the sparsely populated Vanni region of the Northern Province. The Tamil Tigers responded to the loss of Jaffna in July 1996 by launching an eight-day assault on the town of Mullaitivu, which was protected by 1,400 government troops. Despite air support from the Sri Lankan Air Force, the government position was overrun by the 4,000-strong guerrilla army in a decisive Tiger victory. More than 1,200 of the government soldiers were killed, including about 200 who were doused with gasoline and burned alive after they surrendered; the Tigers lost 332 troops. Another aspect of the war took place simultaneously in the capital of Colombo and other southern cities, where Tiger suicide bombers struck repeatedly in the late 1990s. They hit the Central Bank in Colombo, the Sri Lankan World Trade Centre, and the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, a shrine housing a relic of the Buddha himself. A suicide bomber tried to assassinate President Chandrika Kumaratunga in December 1999—she survived  but lost her right eye. In April 2000, the Tigers retook Elephant Pass  but were unable to recover the city of Jaffna. Norway began trying to negotiate a settlement, as war-weary Sri Lankans of all ethnic groups looked for a way to end the interminable conflict. The Tamil Tigers declared a unilateral ceasefire in December 2000, leading to hope that the civil war was truly winding down. However, in April 2001, the Tigers rescinded the ceasefire and pushed north on the Jaffna Peninsula once more. A July 2001 Tiger suicide attack on the Bandaranaike International Airport destroyed eight military jets and four airliners, sending Sri Lankas tourism industry into a tailspin. Long Road to Peace The September 11 attacks in the United States  and the subsequent War on Terror  made it more difficult for the Tamil Tigers to get overseas funding and support. The United States also began to offer direct aid to the Sri Lankan government, despite its terrible human rights record over the course of the civil war. Public weariness with the fighting led to President Kumaratungas party losing control of parliament and the election of a new, pro-peace government. Throughout 2002 and 2003, the Sri Lankan government and the Tamil Tigers negotiated various ceasefires and signed a Memorandum of Understanding, again mediated by the Norwegians. The two sides compromised with a federal solution, rather than the Tamils demand for a two-state solution or the governments insistence on a unitary state. Air and ground traffic resumed between Jaffna and the rest of Sri Lanka.   However, on October 31, 2003, the Tigers declared themselves in full control of the north and east regions of the country, prompting the government to declare a state of emergency. Within just over a year, monitors from Norway recorded 300 infractions of the ceasefire by the army and 3,000 by the Tamil Tigers. When the Indian Ocean Tsunami hit Sri Lanka on December 26, 2004, it killed 35,000 people and sparked another disagreement between the Tigers and the government over how to distribute aid in Tiger-held areas. On August 12, 2005, the Tamil Tigers lost much of their remaining cachet with the international community when one of their snipers killed Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar, a highly respected ethnic Tamil who was critical of Tiger tactics. Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran warned that his guerrillas would go on the offensive once more in 2006 if the government failed to implement the peace plan. Fighting erupted again, including the bombing of civilian targets such as packed commuter trains and buses in Colombo. The government also began assassinating pro-Tiger journalists and politicians. Massacres against civilians on both sides left thousands dead over the next few years, including 17 charity workers from Frances Action Against Hunger, who were shot down in their office. On September 4, 2006, the army drove the Tamil Tigers from the key coastal city of Sampur. The Tigers retaliated by bombing a naval convoy, killing more than 100 sailors who were on shore leave. After October 2006 peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland, did not produce results, the Sri Lankan government launched a massive offensive in eastern and northern parts of the islands to crush the Tamil Tigers once and for all. The 2007-2009 eastern and northern offensives were extremely bloody, with tens of thousands of civilians caught between the army and Tiger lines. Entire villages were left depopulated and ruined in what a U.N. spokesman termed a bloodbath. As the government troops closed in on the last rebel strongholds, some Tigers blew themselves up. Others were summarily executed by the soldiers after they surrendered, and these war crimes were captured on video. On May 16, 2009, the Sri Lankan government declared victory over the Tamil Tigers. The following day, an official Tiger website conceded that This battle has reached its bitter end. People in Sri Lanka and around the world expressed relief that the devastating conflict had finally ended after 26 years, hideous atrocities on both sides, and some 100,000 deaths. The only question remaining is whether the perpetrators of those atrocities will face trials for their crimes.